Organizational Influences Essay

_Abstract_ This paper will attempt give explanation to the organizational influences in the workplace that can cause an increase level of stress due to ethical-type decisions and technological advances. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that leadership commitment to excellence begins with the way information is outlined and how decisions directly affect the morale and overall perception of an organization. Hopefully, this paper will succeed in placing value into the critical decisions necessary to develop a strong lasting workforce that is intended to make a positive impression economically and reasonable for an effective learning business environment. _Ethics on Decision Making_ So what is ethical? This _ethical_ argument has had scholars constantly debating to find the real meaning for generations. It is not expected to  understand truly the inner-workings of ethics in this paper; however, as critical as it may seem it is something that needs constant questioning in order to bring out the best quality in everyone to support the organization’s interests. Putting this into perspective at its simplest form, asking what is right or wrong, good or bad would be a good start. Take for instance the value of integrity, an ethical influence on decision making, can affect how the organization is perceived though the public eyes and the networking impact with other organizations. To include ethical qualities in decision making is not exclusive to the private sector, it also requires participation from organizations in the public sector – as in the U.S.Army. Americans pay tribute to Soldiers everyday as they fight for the freedoms that they so much enjoy. As they make very difficult decisions everyday, concerning life or death situations, they follow what is called the Seven Army Values. Among them is integrity; which is described as _Do what’s right, legally, and morally_. This is important for Soldiers to understand this meaning because everything that is done and accomplished is in a teamwork effort that ultimately affects the organization. The success of the mission is heavily reliant to trusting and knowing each other. After working with each other for some time, they find comfort in knowing that in tough situations, individuals can count on their team members for assistance and to _pick up the pieces_. This brings out the quality that is needed to further support the spirit that needs embracing; which creates the ethical quality necessary to keep the team integrity intact. Leaders of all levels have goals and expectations of each other in the business environment which should be clearly defined to our teams. Unfortunately, this is not always the case which weakens the expected ethical quality. When establishing a plan with a clear vision, the fundamental premise of the plan is that each member has an obligation to act in the best interest of the organization and in support of its mission, and must not allow outside activities or financial interests interfere with those obligations. This is a real condition that has huge ramifications because the mere appearances if improper behavior can render unethical acts,  thus opening the door for unwelcome publicity to an organization. Take for instance the recent dealings between Halliburton and the U.S. government. Vice-President Cheney previously served as chief executive officer of Halliburton, a Dallas oil-services giant, which he is currently receiving deferred compensation which the government would not â€Å"specify how large his payment will be this year or how long the payments will continue† (Lazarus 2002). The perceived ethical conflict is clear for it de-values the principles of an organization that is wishes to uphold. This value is integrity, either legal or not, it is a principle that affects an organization’s morale which has a deeper connection of how an organization will further network with others in the pursuit of strategic growth. _Affects of Technology on Stress_ There is no question that technology has changed the way we do business- which includes communications and deliverables. As a result, there are service demands from partners and consumers that must be fulfilled in order to keep competitive and reliability in the fast paced networking environment. Therefore, the technology we rely on adds stress to any organization that wishes to progressively look into improving their efficiency and effectiveness. The advancements in technology is intended to facilitate production and minimize operations costs in order to keep up with the increasing demands. However, with the growing trends of demand and technology, valuable training to use newer forms of technology became a second priority. In addition, people are spending less time with family and working longer hours which have also increased the work-related stress levels. A research conducted by the Kensington Technology Group (1999) stated that â€Å"51 percent of them (employees) report that the possibility of losing documents due to computer crashes† is also a factor to work-related stress. Due to this trend in organizational behavior, the leadership in any organization must realize that they must proactively discuss the usage of technological practicality and not always assume employees will directly complain about work-related stress caused by technological advancements. The leadership team must establish a caring-system for its employees because it ultimately affects their productivity and bottom-line. The operations of the  organization rely on fresh-progressive minds that cannot function under immense levels of poor judgment that results in poor customer care. Some signs that include â€Å"lower commitment, increased conflict and absenteeism† (Davies, 2005) are indicators that employees are not focused on organizational goals, but rather on finding ways to survive another day. _Leadership Responsibilities_ As organizational leaders understand that technological advancements is the way of the competitive future, one of the first steps to ensure competitiveness is to furnish and properly train their employees with that technology. In doing so, initiating new systems into the workplace must be communicated in ways that explains why the changes are necessary allowing the opportunity to minimize any confusion or misinterpretation that is intended to build a stronger and more efficient organization. The importance of training employees in technological usage makes simple business sense. According to the National Small Business Association (NSBA, 2006) it estimates â€Å"one-third of companies (37%) are engaged in e-commerce, including 52% of businesses in the retail industry and 50% of those in manufacturing†; meaning that the use of technology is a critical component of networking, coordinating and marketing to the wide range of consumers. Of the organizations surveyed by NSBA, 89% of them will rely on technological advancements for strategic growth. Setting an internal training program is an option that can create an enhanced and developed employee on technical skills necessary to focus on potential organizational needs rather than reacting to increased stress levels and technological support concerns. _Conclusion_ The information provided by this paper demonstrates the necessity of competent leaders to measure influential effectiveness of a decision by creating an optimal working environment that would facilitate a long lasting impression for future opportunities. Therefore, ethical decision making and leveraging mitigating stress factors is a way to minimize negative impacts that yield high organizational costs such as reduction of effort by  employees to complete tasks, perceptions and strategic support that would otherwise be a fundamental business approach for success. Reference: Bodwell, D.J. (2002). High performance teams. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from the High Performance Teams Website: http://ptcpartners.com/Team/home.htm Davies, R. (2005). Don’t stress. Engineering Management, 15(1), p 20-23. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from University of Phoenix EBSChost Database Kensington Technology Group. (1999). Technology increases workplace stress, tipping the scales of work-life balance. BusinessWire. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from the BusinessWire Website: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Technology+Increases+Workplace+Stress,+Tipping+the+Scales+of+†¦-a055407271 Lazarus, David (2002). Conflict of interest for vice president? Retrieved October 12, 2007, from the San Francisco Chronicle Website: http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/11/03/BU231196.DTL McCracken, T. & Willey, G.(2007). NSBA: survey of small and mid-sized businesses. National Small Business Association. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from http://www.nsba.biz/docs/surveynewfinal.pdf

Simulation And Result Of Scalar Control Engineering Essay

6.0 IntroductionThis chapter focuses on scalar control in three stage initiation motor public presentation, trying to happen the intrinsic advantages and disadvantages of the method. An probe is conducted, via instance survey, into the public presentation of initiation motor thrust using the scalar control method. As package bundle, Matlab Simulink has been used and the simulation consequences are presented to turn out the dynamic behaviour of this type of control method.6.1 Matlab and simulink.In the simulation of initiation machines utilizing Matlab and Simulink are first-class for numerical computation and informations visual image ; control applied scientists use them extensively for analysis design are many different tool chests available which extend the basic map of Matlab into different application countries ; for illustration, the Matlab tool chests, â€Å" control system † â€Å" model prognostic control † and â€Å" Robust control † supply methods for computing machine -aided control system design. The simulation bundle allows a broad scope of different constellations and theoretical accounts to be investigated quickly. The Simulink Matlab application is adopted because of its intrinsic integrating of vectorized system representation in block diagram signifier. Therefore, in this bundle, the package is used as an analytical for the graphical portraiture of the clip developments of signals combined with the simple realisation of the functionality of control and power electronic excitements.6.2 The initiation motor theoretical accountThe initiation motor theoretical account has to be taken into consideration, It is of import because it is related to the control of the initiation motor. The initiation motor is used because it has perfected of features of theoretically and by experimentation. It is driven in a figure of different mentions frame, so the purpose of the theoretical account is frequently expressed in an arbitrary two-axis go arounding mention frame. This makes it easy to command ; the interior decorator can mend the mention frame to a peculiar motor measure and adjust the theoretical account consequently. All electrical parts of the machine, the variables and parametric quantities, are viewed from the stator. This is all indicated by the major marks in the machine equations given below. All rotor and stator measures are in the arbitrary two-axis rotor mention frame ( dq frame ) . The inferiors used are defined as follows: vitamin D: A vitamin D axis measure Q: A A Q axis measure R: A A rotor measure s: A stator measure cubic decimeter: A A escape induction m: A common inductioniˆ? Electrical System( 6.1 )( 6.2 )( 6.3 )( 6.4 )Where,( 6.5 )( 6.6 )( 6.7 )( 8.8 )( 9.9 )( 6.10 )( 6.11 )iˆ? Mechanical System( 6.12 )( 6.13 )Asynchronous machine parametric quantities in the rotor mention frame are defined as follows: Rs, Lls stator opposition and escape induction R'r, L'lr Rotor opposition and escape induction Lumen Common induction Ls, L'r entire stator and rotor inductions Vqs, intelligence quotient Q axis stator electromotive force and current V'qr, i'qr Q axis rotor electromotive force and current Vds, Idahos vitamin D axis stator electromotive force and current V'dr, i'dr vitamin D axis rotor electromotive force and current stator Q and vitamin D axis fluxes rotor Q and vitamin D axis fluxes angular speed of the rotor P figure of pole braces electrical angular speed ( Wr * P ) Tellurium electromagnetic torsion Thulium shaft mechanical torsion rotor angular place Joule combined rotor and burden inactiveness Hydrogen combined rotor and burden inactiveness invariable F combined rotor and burden syrupy clash Table ( 6.1 ) -rotor mention frame definitions Where the inferior s corresponds to stator, r corresponds to rotor, d corresponds to direct axis, q corresponds to quadrature axis and L corresponds to leakage. Te represents torsion, while P is the figure of poles. The tantamount circuit is shown above.6.3 Reference frame.The mention frame is used to change over input electromotive force ( abc mention frame ) to the dq mention frame and besides used for change overing the end product currents dq mention frame to ( abc mention frame ) . A pick has to be made between the following mention frame transmutations: Synchronous. Stationary ( Clarke or ii transmutation ) . Rotor ( park transmutation ) . The pick of the mention frame wave forms affects all dq variables. It besides affects the velocity of the simulation and, in some instances, the truth of the consequences. The undermentioned guidelines are suggested: If the stator electromotive forces are non balanced or non connected and the rotor electromotive forces are balanced ( or 0 ) a stationary mention frame can be used. If the rotor electromotive forces are non balanced or non connected and the stator electromotive forces ; are balanced rotor mention frame can be used. If all the electromotive forces are connexions and balanced the stationary or synchronal mention frame can be used. The undermentioned relationships explain the rudiment to dq mention frame transmutations which apply to the initiation machine block ‘s input electromotive forces.( 6.14 )I n the old equations, I? is the angular place of the mention frame, while i = i? ± – i? ±r, and the difference between the place of the mention frame and the place ( electrical ) of the rotor. Because the machines twists are connected in a three-wire Y constellation. There is no sequence ( 0 ) constituent. It besides justifies the usage of two input electromotive force lines to the line in the signifier alternatively of three electromotive force lines to impersonal. The relationships that follow depict the dq-to rudiment mention frame transmutations applied to Asynchronous machine stage currents. ( 6.15 ) ( 6.16 ) ( 6.17 ) ( 6.18 ) In the tabular array below are shown values represented by andi . In each mention frame ( vitamin E is the location of the synchronously revolving mention frame. Mention Frame Rotor R 0 Stationary 0-rSynchronous vitamin E e – R Table ( 6.2 ) , value of and in each mention frame. ( Reference Matlab )6.4 Induction Motor Drives with Scalar ControlOne manner of understanding scalar control method is by utilizing instances survey with Matlab simulation. This portion of this chapter will concentrate and discus how this method performs. The simulation consequences will be analysed and compared subsequently on with vector control.6.4.1 Case surveyThe circuit shown below as the instance survey, an unfastened cringle scalar control method with PWM inverter is used to feed the stator through the control electromotive force supply. This inverter uses sinusoidal pulse-width transition ; hence, the base of frequence of the moving ridge ‘s frequence is set at 60 Hz and the triangular bearer wave ‘s frequence is set at 1980Hz. This corresponds to a frequence transition factor medium frequency of 33 ( 60 *33 = 1980 Hz ) . A three-phase initiation motor is connected to a changeless burden of nominal value 11.9Nm.In this circuit, a three stage initiation motor is b uilt. Blocks of the machines and power electronic Matlab libraries have been used and besides in this circuit all the parametric quantities are the same circuit of vector control because the research worker wished to do a comparing between this circuit diagram of scalar control and vector control. Furthermore, the machine is used it has the same parametric quantities of vector control and scalar control. Figure ( 6.2 ) unfastened cringle simulink block diagram theoretical account6.4.2 Construction of Electrical Model Induction Machine.Figure ( 6.3 ) shows block diagram the abc transmutation to dq of the initiation machine Figure ( 6.4 ) shows implement distinct trspezoidal integrating of machine equations in rotor, stationary or synchronal mention frame. Figure ( 6.5 ) shows block diagram of the dq transmutation to abc of the initiation machine6.4.3 Simulation parametric quantities:Choosing the ode23tb incorporating algorithm, set the comparative tolerance to 1e-3, the absolute tolerance and maximal measure size to car and the stop clip to 4s. So the scalar method simulation was carried out utilizing the motor parametric quantities as shown in the tabular array below. The tabular array shows the simulation parametric quantities for constellation of the circuit Fig ( 6.2 ) Start clip 0 Integrator type 0d23 Stop clip 4s Relative tolerance 1e-3 Relative tolerance car Maximal measure size car Initial measure size car Table ( 6.3 ) the simulation parametric quantities in the simulation parametric quantities instance survey. Power, electromotive force and frequence [ pn ( VA ) Vn ( Vrms ) , fn ( Hz ) ] [ 50*746, 460,60 ] Stator opposition and induction [ Rs ( ohm ) L1s ( H ) ] : [ 0.087 0.8e-3 ] Rotor opposition and induction [ Rr, ( ohm ) Llr, ( H ) ] : [ 0.228 0.8e-3 ] Common induction Lm ( H ) : [ 34.7e-3 ] : Inertia, clash factor and pole braces [ J ( Kg.m 2 ) F ( N.m.s ) p0 ] : [ 1.662 0.12 ] Initial conditions [ 1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ] Table ( 6.4 ) Asynchronous motor parametric quantities6.4.4 Simulation consequences:The thrust started from deadlock by stipulating 0 for all initial conditions of province variables in the Powergui interface. In this instance, the mention velocity was stepped from 120 to160 rad / s at t= 1 s and thrust variables velocity, torsion and current observed. Transeunt responses to get down the initiation motor thrust are shown below ; the first figure shows motor steady province torsion and velocity. Figure ( 6.6 ) the motor started and reached its steady province velocity of 120 rad/s ( 1800rpm ) at 1s ; at get downing, the magnitude of the 60 Hz current reached approximately 180 A, its peak current ( 127 rms ) , = = 127 Arms. Therefore, there was a high initiation motor get downing current, as was expected, because the motor has high power, whereas its steady province value was ( 20A ) and the Irms value about ( 14,14 rms ) . Besides, strong oscillations of the electromagnetic torsion at get downing were observed. On the torsion in steady province observation noisy signal with a average value of 11.9 Nm. In the three motor currents there was observed all the harmonics [ multiples of the 1980 Hz exchanging frequence ] which were filtered by the stator induction, so that the 60 Hz constituents were dominant. Sing the curves of the three stage initiation motor ( squirrel Cage ) , on get downing the motor without burden, the motor get downing currents, torsion and velocity can be observed on the range. At the terminal of simulation clip at ( 4s ) . , when the motor was reached steady province that is the torsion and velocity are changeless, So, Te – TL = 0, it was observed that the stator and rotor currents were rather ( noisy ) and the torsion and velocity had truly changeless value because the motor was non yet loaded so that is why the motor was on steady province. Figure ( 6.6 ) Simulation of the initiation motor without burden6.4.5 Get downing with burden.In the following simulation end product different simulations were used to happen out the result when the velocity is set-up at steady province at a certain clip. In this figure ( 6.7 ) , the rotor velocity started increasing from 0 to 120 rad/s, after this, the lessening velocity for short clip between 2 2nd and 2.5 second, so velocity decreased until steady province ( 100 rad/s ) , for the falling value of the velocity is 20 rad/s. Suddenly, alteration in the magnitude of the stator current resulted in transient before the torsion reached the steady province and besides alteration in the linkage of the rotor flux. The research worker could detect the motor currents were high and largely noisy get downing current and besides that the torsion starts additions from 2 seconds to 2.5 seconds and to increase until changeless value was reached ; at the same clip as cut downing velocity, the curre nt, nevertheless, was increased because the relationship between torsion and velocity are reciprocally related. Finally and clearly either the dynamic torsion control is really hapless and besides it has jobs with the transeunt response of the torsion or it is really hapless and can non be controlled by the torsion in the transient province. Figure ( 6.7 ) measure up torque response at 11.9N.m The undermentioned simulation of torsion 50N.m applied at least two seconds and a changeless velocity of 120 rad / s to see how this theoretical account of scalar controls responded to these alterations. This simulation shows the end product velocity started increasing from 0 to 120 rad / s, than at 2 seconds the velocity will be reduced to 90 rad / s, so that the torsion is applied to two seconds, so get down to cut down velocity ( a little ) at the same clip, torsion is increased until making a changeless value. The starting currents were high, up to 1.5 seconds, and so reduced until the steady province was reached at the same clip the torsion applied. Internist provinces torque and current were noisy and did non discontinue. However, the dynamic behavior of scalar control was non perfect, so in this it instance affected the public presentation of the initiation motor. Scalar control should be used at low velocity and variable velocity, for illustration as fans or pumps. Figure ( 6.8 ) simulation of the initiation motor thrust with step-up torsion Figure ( 6.9 ) shows simulation end product difference simulation status was used to happen out the result when the velocity is step up at the steady province at certain clip. At the one second the velocity starts to increase and the torsion besides increased but for short clip so the torsion starts to decreased until reached changeless value, besides this clip the velocity invariable. This means altering the velocity with the scalar control under the steady province status will be sensible. Figure ( 6.9 ) simulation of the initiation motor thrust with step-up velocity The dynamic public presentation of thrust ( public presentation relation to the velocity control mention alteration and burden torsion ) as Fig ( 6.10 ) can be studied by using two alterations in operating conditions of the thrust ; a measure alteration in velocity mention and measure alteration of the burden torsion. The torsion 50Nm was applied for 2 seconds and velocity of measure 140rad / s for 1 2nd, to see how these model scalar controls would react to these alterations. In this instance, it was observed the velocity dropped aggressively to one second, shortly, and so went up to 140 rad / s to 3.5 seconds. The electromagnetic torsion of the initiation motor was foremost variable in 0.6 seconds. After the torsion is little bead of one second when the rate was applied the torsion continuously went up to 90Nm in 3.5 seconds. In this instance, the increased velocity and torque addition were non the same as earlier. The chief job of current and torsion in 1 second is if the torsion all of a sudden drops and the current addition is more than the starting current, In this instance, the value of the burden and velocity control should be increased. Figure ( 6.10 ) simulation of the initiation motor thrust with step-up velocity and torsion. Figure ( 6.11 ) simulation of the initiation motor thrust with step-up velocity and torsion.6.5 Scalar control dissectionThe electromotive force applied to the motor must alter with frequence. The control method is really simple and easy to implement. Improves inactive public presentation of control system, but its transient capableness is non satisfactory. Accurate place control is non possible. Open cringle scalar control will be able to provide speed fluctuation ; it is non able to supply reliable control under transeunt conditions. Therefore, the scalar control is suited merely if the motor operates in steady province without velocity ordinance. Scalar control is used chiefly in applications where changeless torsion is required. Scalar control ever has hapless kineticss. Scalar control methods are used merely the magnitude and frequence ( V/Hz ) .

Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities in Japan

Persons with disabilities have historically faced many struggles. Over the centuries and in various cultures around the world, people with disabilities have had to fight for their rights to be recognized as human beings capable of living independent and valuable lives. Although the terminology has changed remarkably over the past few decades from using words such as â€Å"crippled† to â€Å"handicapped† to â€Å"persons with disabilities†, the words themselves do not change the basic state of inequality people with disabilities cope with in their everyday lives.These include barriers in many essential aspects of life such as access to independent housing, education, public transportation and employment. Without equality of access and opportunities, people with disabilities will never truly be equal in any society. First and foremost, there must be recognition of the individuality of the disability experience. There must also be a recognition that the term disabil ity embodies much more than persons who are wheelchair users. This term implies a multiplicity of experiences including persons with learning disabilities, neurological, psychiatric and intellectual disabilities.To analyze the situation of persons with disabilities in Japan, it is crucial therefore that we accept the concepts of individuality of experience and the sense of disability as implying a wide range of experiences. Another guideline that will aid us in this analysis is to accept that this situation must be understood from the perspectives of people with disabilities themselves. Therefore, it may be that while strides are being made in Japan for persons with some manner of disabilities, persons with other types of disabilities may not be experiencing the same amount of progress in their lives.In Japan as in many other countries around the world, persons with disabilities have begun to mobilize themselves. The mobilization of people with disabilities is an important step in c hanging the state of inequality to one of greater equality. This mobilization process or ‘disability rights activism’ reflects the fact that people with disabilities in Japan are no longer willing to wait for their country to make important social change. They are taking the issue of creating an integrated society seriously and are willing to work hard to attain it.Social change for persons with disabilities in Japan began to take shape in 1986. This is when the seminal organization DPI-Japan (Japan National Assembly of Disabled Peoples’ International) formed. The formation of this organization meant that for the first time, people with disabilities in Japan had a national and organized voice to speak on behalf of their needs and most importantly, their rights. (Country Reports 2003). DPI-Japan is an important organization and â€Å"has taken a leadership position in the grassroots consumer movement in Japan.Furthermore, it has played an important role in the di sability field at large in promoting human rights and independence of persons with disabilities† (Yuki 2000). The fact that DPI-Japan even exists is evidence of the fact that people with disabilities in Japan face significant struggles. It is also evidence that persons with disabilities in Japan have begun to organize themselves in meaningful ways to address these struggles. This organization has now taken on the responsibility of trying to transform this ancient culture into an integrated society.According to some Japanese who are involved with disability rights activism and the independence living movement, persons with disabilities in Japan face some age-old problems that their counterparts have had to deal with in many other countries – prejudice. This prejudice has its foundation in basic misconceptions about what it means to live life with a disability. As one Japanese activist stated: In Japan today, most disabled people face discrimination that confines them to living in a separate world. As soon as it is determined that a new-born child has a disability, the child is separated from other people and consigned o a separate world for his or her whole life [. . . ] Parents with disabled children often keep them at home because of the strange looks both would get from the people in the community. (Daiichi 1) This is (unfortunately) not an unfamiliar scenario for people with disabilities. Peoples’ misconceptions, parental fears and systemic barriers are the kinds of struggles persons with disabilities have faced in many cultures and in Japan. Although disability rights activists have begun to mobilize in Japan, social change is slow. Recently however change has begun to appear on the horizon of Japanese culture.In 2003, a new national organization appeared which may signal the beginning of real success in creating greater awareness of the rights of people with disabilities in Japan. The Japanese Disability Forum is a relatively new coali tion of disability-rights Japanese NGO’s. In May 2003, they had their first dialogue with the Japanese government. â€Å"As a result, Mr. Toshihiro Higashi, a board member of DPI-Japan and an attorney, became an advisor of the Japanese Governmental Delegation to the Second Session of the UN Ad Hoc Committee† (Country Reports 2). Thus, a new age is slowly dawning in Japan.These kinds of changes signify that a process of accepting and integrating persons with disabilities into a higher level of consultation and decision-making in Japan is taking place. While some may see this as a small step, it is still extremely relevant. To be taken seriously, persons with disabilities must be active in the political-decision making process. The voices of persons with disabilities need to be heard locally and nationally but not only as complaints or concerns. Their voices must also be heard as offering viable suggestions for real and practical changes to Japanese society.DPI-Japan is being taken seriously and this marks the beginning of social change for Japanese persons with disabilities. While activists fight for change, persons with disabilities continue to cope with a society, which in their opinion does not fully accept them. Japanese people with disabilities may be moving steadily into important decisions, but for many these decisions cannot be made fast enough.â€Å"The extent of the discrimination faced by and the suffering imposed upon disabled people in Japan is demonstrated by the appearance in recent years of independent living organizations all over the country. (Daiichi 2). Finally, however, disability rights activists in Japan have begun to make some significant strides. In May 2004, the Japan Diet (Parliament) passed a law entitled, The Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities. This bill includes anti-discrimination provisions, stating â€Å"Nobody shall discriminate against persons with dis- abilities or perform other discriminating acts to vio late their rights and benefits, because of their disabilities. † [†¦] However, since no penalty is stipulated its legal effectiveness and binding force are quite weak. (Ohta 2005)While this certainly has to be considered a step forward for persons with disabilities in Japan, it is a small one. There are inherent problems with this legislation that prevent it from accomplishing anything substantive. First of all, it does not define what is meant by the term disability. It may or may not be inclusive of persons with all manner of disabilities but it does not say. Second, as the comment above indicates there are no legal stipulations for what will occur when someone actually does discriminate against a person with a disability.Thirdly and perhaps most important, it does not define what they mean by discrimination. There are no guidelines here for employers, transportation officials or anyone for that matter. Here is where Japanese disability rights activists still have a gre at deal of work ahead of them. If this law is to have any meaning or impact on Japanese society, it must be defined further. It would be helpful to study other laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act which lays out very specific guidelines.There is no doubt that while some will see this as a victory, others might perceive of it as a token gesture to silence the furor that is beginning to grow in Japanese society. Indeed, some activists are beginning to take matters into their own hands. In 2003, 500 persons with disabilities, primarily wheelchair users occupied the building of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare for over two week. The reason they did so was to protest the fact that personal care or assistance would be cut from twenty-four hours per day to only four.By the time, 1200 people gathered in front of the building, disability rights activists had taken control and occupied the building for over two weeks. The government relented and did not change the service . The activists had won an important victory. (Nakanishi 2005). Other victories have also begun to take place. Also in 2003, The Human Rights Bureau of Japan (a branch of the Justice Ministry) and the Osaka Legal Affairs Bureau â€Å"conducted a joint investigation into Central Japan Railway Co. (JR Tokai) after a complaint was filed in April with the Osaka Bureau by a cart user. (Ito 2004).According to this article by The Japan Times, the company had no reason to refuse a cart user onto their system. However the reality is that â€Å"[†¦]1,29 railway stations have cart access out of 9,538 stations [†¦] and JR Tokai is one of three railways that denies access to the carts at all stations. † (Ibid) Even though the individual was denied access there is a small victory here in that the government is taking the action and not disability rights activists. There is no doubt that in Japanese society, persons with disabilities face many systemic barriers.They are still den ied access to all public transportation. Indeed, they face age-old ideas and misconceptions about what it means to be a person with a disability. There is a law on the books but an extremely weak one which seems to have little or not ability to make substantive change in the daily life of people with disabilities. While information on other issues such as employment and education did not seem to be as readily available, it seems unlikely that there would be equality in those sectors when Japanese people with disabilities are still fighting for their basic rights.According to Daiichi, many people with disabilities want out of the institutions they live in but they have â€Å"no place to go [. . . ] It is very difficult to rent private apartments, and metropolitan public housing is available only to those who apply as households. † (2) So, even such basic rights as independent living are still a struggle for Japanese people with disabilities. The one bright spot on the horizon is the continuing work of disability rights activists who will hopefully not give up the fight.

Case analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case analysis - Coursework Example To begin with, it is crucial to examine the threat of emergence into the MP3 industry. The threat of entry expresses a medium possibility since the cost of production is moderate. For instance, the cost of packaging, of iRiver, is ?69 and the entity can sell the same at ?163. This suggests that it may stimulate new rivals into entering the market because the cost of producing mp3 products is meager. In addition, there is a considerable product margin that attracts new competitors. IFPI issued reports of a speculated increase in demand of music in mobile phones and the internet. This may swap physical formats of storing musical information such as CD’s and DVD in the succeeding years. In turn, many companies would wish to enter the market and pose market share threat to existing companies. For instance, the Microsoft Company has launched an MP3 product that is known as Zune. Such a product may be a competitive rival with the Apple Company products such as iPod. However, such an entry might be constrained with the difficulty of gaining market share. The Apple Company is reigning as the market leader because they face economies of scale that prohibits new entrants from the market. Sales of iPods make a figure of over 10 million and a considerable margin cost. It is crucial to highlight that there are only seven dominant companies in the MP3 industry. This is in spite of the idea that there are over 100 companies that participate in the production and sale of MP3 products. This is a manifestation of economies of scale that bar competitors from accessing the market. Additionally, the concept of differentiated products makes existing companies indispensable. For instance, the Apples’ iPod Nano has superb features such as the ability for easy downloads of songs. It becomes difficult for new entrants to have products that can overcome the customer belief in the existing companies. The second component of the five porter model pertains to buyer’s ba rgaining power. There are several quality products that place the customer in a tricky choice scenario for the most appealing model. In addition, these models follow price setters such as Apple in delivering pricey products. For instance, Apples’ products go at steep prices of $ 299. This makes the consumer to lose their bargaining power because several customers would be willing to purchase the music players without consideration of their prices. In this perspective, the customers possess a low bargaining power. Another feature that presents, in the MP3 player industry, pertains to consideration of brands over price. This suggests product differentiation that sets high prices for its products. Companies such as Apple set steep prices and establish high switching costs to other brands. This further cuts down on the customer bargaining power as a considerable number would be willing to purchase due to the high utility that the products present. In the end, customers purchase p roducts because of their superb features and attractive appearance. Additionally, there is the threat of substitute products. The digital products have distinct features that place them at a platform whereby they cannot easily be replaced by other products. This creates a medium threat of substitute from other products. Besides, the digital music products possess notable advantages for customers. For instance, the iPods possess a high quality stereo sound that gives them an edge

Foundation degree in public service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundation degree in public service - Essay Example Social organizations are so set up that crime is not required to obtain the essential necessities of life-food, sex satisfaction, the gratification of primary emotional urges. This is the theoretical assumption of our social philosophy, our constitutions, and criminal codes. But social reality often falls short of these ideal expectations. The most popular theories used to explain crime are Strain Theory and Social Learning Theory. The strain theory was developed by Robert Merton in the 1940s. this theory states that social stress has a dominant impact on behavior of individuals. The loss of social cohesion leads to criminal behavior and isolation form society by an individual. Five reactions to social stress are conformity, ritualism, innovation, ret realism and rebellion. People who experience social stress of this sort must be expected to commit crimes when confronted by an average or even subnormal degree of environmental pressure (Spalek 2005). As long as this disposition has not undergone a change, a sequence of criminal acts must be anticipated. Many of our criminals, endowed by nature with a loosely suspended reactivity, become genuine criminals by recurrence. They acquire abnormal touchiness by the grinding effects of repeated crime and repeated punishment. This theory is important for police and fire service s, emergency etc, to understand human behavior and possible consequences of social stress factors (Hellman and Alper 1997). Social learning theory was developed by Bandura in 1970. This theory is based on psychological concepts and explanations which determine behavior of a person as socially learned. Paramour is learned while overriding actions and communication of other people, their relations and interaction patterns,. According to this theory, criminal behavior is also learned by individuals surrounded by other criminals. Social life

Job analysis project (rating system part) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job analysis project (rating system part) - Essay Example It also tells how applicable such criteria in the performance of the task as it relates to the job. Standard deviation on the other hand tells how close or how far the actual performance deviates from desired performance of the task. Combining these two criteria will tell how the tendency of an SME to deviate from the ideal performance as it relates to the criteria of importance, frequency, difficulty and flexibility. A survey was conducted indicating the major tasks involved in the job. The criteria used to evaluate each task were frequency, importance, flexibility and difficulty. Frequency meant how often the specific task was done as it relate to the job. Importance is the level of significance of the task to the job. Flexibility on the hand relates to the responsiveness of the task to the job while difficulty is the level of complexity in doing the job. The tasks are rated from the scale of one to four with four the highest and one the lowest on the scale. The standard deviation shows the degree of deviation of the actual task compared to the desired performance with zero as the most desirable result as it indicate no deviation. The results being closer to zero indicate more desirability of performance where the farthest indicate the least desired performance. The result of survey indicate that there are three criteria in the job where deviation is very susceptible. Actual performance consistently varied from desired performance in the area of flexibility as the deviation is consistent across all tasks from scrutinizing documents to querying decisively about ambiguities in the text. Standard deviation on all task is 0.471404521. This would tell that flexibility is the number issue among proofreaders and suggests that proofreaders should be trained with flexibility as all respondents deviated from desired performance. The second is area of the task of a proofreader that has consistent deviation is difficulty. Except

Managing Change by Managing Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Change by Managing Risk - Essay Example Technological development means keeping the technology up to date for the company in order to remain competitive in the market. Competitive environment forces the companies to retain good quality of the products and services in order to improve customer satisfaction. 3.2 Internal Forces of Change Internal forces of organizational change include such forces, which force the change to occur inside the company. These changes are very significant in order to increase employee satisfaction and employee commitment towards their job responsibilities. The changes include change in the working atmosphere, change in employment rules and regulations, and change regarding employee retention strategies. 4. Risk Management Harrison (n.d.) states, â€Å"Change is inherently ambiguous, and those who deal creatively with change will have a high tolerance for uncertainty†. In case of organizational change, we can say that organizational change needs proper management of risks in order to be suc cessful. Francois (n.d.) states, â€Å"A change management process is a series of business practices used to control and manage change within a large system or organization†. Risk management is one of those business practices that are needed to implement organizational change. â€Å"Much of risk management work is focused on the management of risk in a 'business as usual' and relatively stable environment† (Anderson 2004). Risk management is a process, which is used to identify and measure the risks being faced by a company or a firm. Risk management refers to the concept of keeping the risks under control so that they do not create any kind of dangerous situation for the company. This process of... According to the research there are two types of organizational change, which include external and internal forces of change. External and internal forces of change not only result in altering organizational policies concerning various business activities but also influence major functions of management. The external forces of change include competitive business environment, technological development, and political and social environment of an organization. Technological development means keeping the technology up to date for the company in order to remain competitive in the market. Competitive environment forces the companies to retain good quality of the products and services in order to improve customer satisfaction. Internal forces of organizational change include such forces, which force the change to occur inside the company. These changes are very significant in order to increase employee satisfaction and employee commitment towards their job responsibilities. The changes incl ude change in the working atmosphere, change in employment rules and regulations, and change regarding employee retention strategies. Changes are inevitable in every company or organization whether it belongs top construction industry or some other industry. Managers need to consider several issues related to different business activities before planning to bring some change to the organizational policies. Risk management also plays a key role in change management. Some of the risks related to construction companies include design assumption risk, structural development procedures, fire risk, and environment uncertainty risks.

A trip to Sequoia National Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A trip to Sequoia National Park - Essay Example In addition to this natural resource, Sequoia National Park comprises of many other natural features, which include the giant sequoia trees, among them being the greatest tree on earth, known as the General Sherman tree (White, 24). Additionally, the park consists of the giant forest, which occupies approximately 202, 430 of old-growth forests in conjunction with the neighboring Kings Canyon National Park. This park comprises of one of the most natural and unaltered environments, ranking it among the major national parks that have preserved the natural ecosystem without much alterations. Additionally, the geology of this national park is yet another key feature that makes it unique among the National Parks in the US with an exclusive landscape (Scott and Kay, 52). The region surrounding this area was initially occupied by the Monachee Native Americans, who did not exploit the natural resources in the major sequoia giant forest but coexisted in an eco-friendly manner. However, the arr ival of the white settlers threatened to cause destruction to the forests, but only for a little while, before they discovered that the Sequoia trees were not suitable for timber (White, 22). This made them cease to cut down the trees, and the park was declared a national park in 1890, by the USA government. The logistics required to visit the park Most parts of this park are not accessible by the means of road or rail, making trekking the most viable option for accessing the park from different directions. However, the logistics involved in visiting the park entails parking the required personal effects, which will be used during the stay or the visitation period in the park. Then, the second step will be taking a flight to Visalia Airport, which is a destination that requires one to take an average 1 hour’s drive to the park (Scott and Kay, 46). On reaching Visalia Airport, there is no need to hire transport or to have own car, because there are already various means of tra nsport from the airport into the park, which are convenient for the visitors. There are many Sequoia Shuttles, which transports visitors from the Visalia city to the National Park, passing through the Three Rivers, and then going up to the Giant Forest Museum (White, 21). The cost of this transport is affordable, since an individual requires paying only $15 as the ticket price for the shuttle ride. Before boarding the shuttle, it is important to ensure that one signs the time to and from the park, to ensure that the last shuttle will not leave an individual in the park. However, the greatest advantage, which makes this visit simpler logistically, is the fact that it is possible for one to walk back from the park, in case he/she is left by the last shuttle (Scott and Kay, 47). Once an individual arrives at the park, it is vital to go through the Lodgepole Visitor Center or the Giant Forest Museum, where more information regarding the visitation sites and ideas are given to the visito rs, as well as the accommodation and hospitality options available in the parks and its immediate environs (Scott and Kay, 50). After the individual has obtained sufficient information regarding the visitation areas and ideas, they can select the location to start visiting and plan the rest of the schedule. In case the individual does not want to go back the same day, there are various accommodation facilities available within the park and even in the immediate surroundings. The accommodation facilities within the park include the Wuksachi Lodge and the he John Muir Lodge, while those outside but in the immediate

Product Formulation Portfolio; Evaluation pro-forma 5 (PFPE5) Essay

Product Formulation Portfolio; Evaluation pro-forma 5 (PFPE5) - Essay Example is critically important because Acetyl Chloride is a poisonous chemical and the amount used in the preparation of Aspirin should not exceed the maximum concentration allowed in human consumption products (3). On the other hand, the amount of Acetyl Chloride used is sufficient enough to make salicylic acid the limiting agent (1). For instance, since the reaction is reversible, the presence of excess Acetyl Chloride will force the equilibrium towards the production of the desired end product (Aspirin). The 5 drops of pyridine used are sufficient to neutralize the resulting hydrochloric acid without making the solution basic while at the same time acting as a catalyst for the reaction(4). This is because Pyridine is a base catalyst that plays the dual role of being a catalyst and a neutralizing agent at the same time. Additionally, the use of many drops of pyridine justified because pyridine as a base catalysts is less reactive than most acid catalysts such as 85% Phosphoric acid and, therefore, a greater volume of the ingredient may be required for the reaction to be effectively catalysed. Both the two methods involve acetylation salicylic acid to produce aspirin (acetylsalicylic Acid). However, despite the remarkable similarities between the process of making aspirin using the new formula and the mechanism used in the old formula, the main difference between the two distinct processes is that the leaving group in the new process is a chloride ion as opposed to the acetate ion in the old process. On the other hand, the by-product of the overall process is hydrochloric acid while the old process produces acetic acid as a by product

Different ways to compete in the soft drink business Case Study

Different ways to compete in the soft drink business - Case Study Example Through the sales of internet routers, the company managed to raise high revenue of approximately ten billion dollars. However, this was brought to an end in the year 2008 when the demand of products from the company such as internet hardware dropped. At this point, the best action to be taken by any manager who wants to save the company from collapsing is to make adjustment on the business plan and strategies so as to fix the problem. John Chambers was very wise and keen on the issue; after realizing that the market of internet router could not raise the great profits that were required to match the standards of the company, he embarked on another business plan. The plan was to shift in to very new markets and industries. One of the strategies was to expand in a rapid way from the software business and the core internet hardware to the consumer electronic industry. His first step to implement the plan was to associate with companies that were already producing products related to th e internet. The CEO sought to get hold of the companies that dealt with internet bandwidth products so as to increase the consumer demand since this would result in to a high demand for the Cisco`s products. Through John Chambers, Cisco made an announcement in the year 2009 that it would make a payment of $590 for purchasing pure digital for making video camcorders that are more colorful and are pocket sized. This further increased the financial status of Cisco due to the fact that over two million people could access and share the video through the web (Jones & George, 263-264). If I were the manager of Cisco system, I could have done the same things he did or come up with a plan with strategy for implementation that would end up in high performance. It is always believed that better plans always reflects on a bright future for the business and that lack of a business plan results in to hesitations , mistaken business decisions and false steps. Having this in mind, I would make a p lan for a good number of reasons. It`s importance is to give the company proper direction for the right purpose since the plan contains the objectives that the organization has to achieve and the strategies to be used. I believe this would have a great impact on the company so that as soon as the demand of the Internet s products provided by the Cisco Company goes down, then the strategies of the plan would help save the company from collapsing. This could be done by linking the company to other industries that produce items that are the same as the ones produced by Cisco to come up with a better opinion to help increase the consumer demand (Covey, 162). The challenge of proper planning and formulating a proper strategy to implement it was well overcomed by the CEO of Samsung electronics, Lee Kun. In the year 2000, the company which was mainly based in Korea emerged to be in the second position in terms of profit among the companies in global technology coming just after the Microso ft. There were strategies and steps that were followed by the organization which enabled them to attain their targeted goal. Under the guidance of Lee Kun, Samsung electronics developed and built competencies as the first step in the manufacturing of low-priced products. The second step was to put all the efforts in the manufacture of R&D. At the end, the organization used those

Philosophy - Empiricism Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Empiricism Essay Immanuel Kant set about to show that the skepticism of the empiricists was unfounded and that science was possible. How does he do this and is his solution viable (that is, did he actually rescue science from the skeptics)? Through his theory of knowledge, Immanuel Kant provided a philosophical answer to Hume’s skepticism. Kant agreed that knowledge did have a source the humean element of sensory impressions, however he claim that there was an additional element in knowledge, which was not derived from sensory experience. The second element that Kant spoke of was derived from the mind itself. Kant felt that the human mind, outfitted with its own pure concepts was nothing like the human mind of empiricists Locke and Hume, whom claimed the mind was as a blank tablet or empty cupboard. Opposing Hume, Kant proposed that the mind was furnished with twelve pure concepts of understanding broken down into four categories. Additionally, Kant argued that the mind was not passive at all, as Hume and the other empiricists had claimed. Quantity Quality Relation Modality unity affirmation substance-accidents possibility plurality negation cause-effect actuality totality limitation causal reciprocity necessity The mind for Kant, was indeed active, it actively interprets the world rather than simply receiving and recording into memory, what it gathers from the external world through the senses. Through the above-mentioned categories, the mind organizes the sensory flux and gives it meaning as substances. Kant considered that the categories were â€Å"logically prior to experience, presupposed by all experience; and that they are independent of experience;† thus experience could never alter them. Kant deemed the categories were responsible for one’s experiences and knowledge, and ultimately were one’s source of understanding. The categories or priori furnished the necessary component for which Hume believed knowledge lacked. Kant denied Hume’s theory of knowledge, which reduced one’s experience and knowledge to nothing but sense impressions. Kant reduces Hume’s theory to nothing at all, as it did not account for the fact that human posses scientific knowledge outside of animal faith. Kant believed that Hume avoided the key questions of â€Å"How is experience of objects possible†, and â€Å"How is science possible. † For this reason, Kant felt that Hume’s theory failed to distinguish that knowledge consisted of both the empirical element and the categories. Kant’s solution in my opinion is viable, as the categories show that there is a necessary connection between the causes and effects.

Citizens of America Essay Example for Free

Citizens of America Essay Fellow countrymen, I stand before you today, to present my job application details, for the highest office on land. Citizens of America, today stands a man who is willing to sacrifice his self ambitions, a man who is willing to lay off his personal plans and embrace those of the state, a man who is willing to sacrifice his self esteem on the alter of criticism and a man who is able to lead this country to heights unprecedented before. Indeed, this man stands before you today and passes on his application details unto you, to be evaluated and approved if you so feel that he qualify beyond any reasonable doubts to become the fiftieth president of the United States of America. You may be asking yourselves why is this man, so tender in age and so inexperienced in leadership vying for this office? Citizens of our homeland, you will agree with me that leadership is God endowed. I want to state before you today that it is not because of the power that comes with leadership than makes me vie for this office, neither is it because of any monetary gains or honors. I stand to campaign for the presidency of this country because of the heart of service and allegiance I have for our great nation. In my heart, I hold big dreams that will assist in the economic development and technological advancement of our great nation. Just as one of our greatest reformers in history, Martin Luther King Jr. stood before an electrified crowd that was almost the same size with the one gathered today and declared, â€Å"I have a dream†, I too want to state before all of you listening to me today that â€Å"I have a dream! † I have a dream that through my presidency, the freedom that our forefathers once fought to preserve will remain intact. I have a dream that the unity of the reformers like Martin Luther shall be preserved and I have a dream that one day we shall look back and be proud of this defining moment (Martin 1963). Let us not forget that America has always been a free nation and will always be known to the world for its freedom, peace and sovereignty. My presidency will not only enforce the virtues that America stands for but will also create a platform where every man, woman and child can have a dream and fulfill their dreams. Fellow country men, our country has come from far. We have fought many wars. From the American revolutionary war fought between 1775 and 1782 against the largest empire in the world (historycentral. com 2009) to the war against terrorism that begun in 2003, America has always proved victorious. What does this prove to you fellow countrymen? It shows that America has been and will always be destined for victory. No situation will ever change this. We are a victorious nation! I stand as a man who like our forefathers, will preserve these victories even with my own life if necessary should you elect me as the fiftieth president of this nation. I stand here as a man who will make America even more victorious if given the opportunity to become its head of state by the electorate. However, as we boast of our victory in far and near battlefields, as we testify on the strength of our armies, we must remember the economic wars that still stand to pose great challenges to us. The great depression of 1929 was the worst of all of them. Even though it lasted for only ten years, it left house holds devastated. 25000 banks fell with no likelihood of ever rising again. We must also remember that it was through the election of the skilled democrat leader, President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the war against this depression was fought and eventually won (Cary 2009). Currently, with the recessions of the stock markets and increase in the debt ratio, we, the today’s generation, stand at the threshold of another depression like that of the 1929. There exists unemployment as never seen before since the times of the great depression and the value of stocks is rapidly falling. You will agree with me my dear country men that these are sad times for our great nation. However, you should not look at the recent troubles without hope. I want to assure you that if elected as the president, I will do all in my power to ensure that the history of depression does not repeat itself. We must stand together as a nation and win this war. You must always bear in mind that extra ordinary circumstances require extra ordinary solutions. I present myself today as the extraordinary solution for the current extraordinary circumstances our great nation is going through in the present age. On the same tune, I want to state that my fellow brother who is also a runner in this race Mr. Willis Brown has always questioned my integrity to rule this country. Mr. Willis has often cited my tenderness of age and inexperience in governance as the reason as to why I should not be allowed to ascend to the highest office on land. As you all know, I have been silent on this matter all this time for I felt that under no circumstances, should a leader with integrity such as me trade accusations with him. However, today as I make my last appeal for the office of the president, I want to settle the matter once and for all and state my case. Fellow countrymen, as you are all aware, it is not by the advancement of age that a country is ruled. You are also aware that it is not by the strength of the muscles that such a battle as this is fought. Leadership is seen through the policies and the ideas one has to offer for this great nation. Even if Mr. Willis was to succeed in discrediting my fitness for presidency and I was to fail in my quest, my great ideas for this nation will never die. Remember that as John F. Kennedy once stated, A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on. ( brainyquote. com 2009) My ideas will never be killed! Don’t tell me I am too young to rule. Tell me that my policies and ideas for this country are wrong. Don’t tell me that I am inexperienced. Tell me that the presidency seat was never meant for the young and the vibrant. Fellow countrymen, I know that with your help and with the help of God, I, Franklin Carole, will surely become the fiftieth president of the United States of America. What Ideas do I have for this country? We note great with pride that our country has been the bedrock of the world economy over the years. We note with great pride that our country has been the home to scientific discoveries and inventions. When a time came for man to travel beyond the horizons of the world, it was America that ensured that the first of Adam’s race stepped on the surface of the moon. Indeed, in 1969, history was made when Apollo 11, a space craft under the command of Neil Armstrong became the first of its kind to land on the surface of the moon and as the first manned lunar landing mission (Lyndon 1993). Fellow countrymen, on that day, we watched with awe and wonder as one of our very own sons became the first man to step on the surface of the moon and lay the first footsteps there. It is from that time that we realized that America was a land where nothing could be considered impossible, a land where all had an equal opportunity to become what they wanted to be and a land that no other land can ever be compared to. To this land, great men endowed with great leadership skills have been born. From the first president of this country George Washington who took oath of office in 1789 to the time of Barack Obama, the first black president of this nation (Whitehouse. gov 2009), to these times that I now stand to become the fiftieth president, these sons of ours have served our nation with their lives. They have led our country in times of peace and in times of war, in easy times and in times of hardship, in times of scarcity and in times of plenty. Some have served for just a month while others have served for over twelve years. They were loyal men who were not afraid to lay down their lives for the sake of our prosperity. They were courageous men who did not fear the assassin’s gun. They were devoted to duty despite criticism and they were honest to their country in all they did. It is to the list of these men that I desire to belong. It is to the works of these men that I desire to add and it is to their unaccomplished dreams that I hope to accomplish only if you, fellow countrymen offer unto me that mandate. What do I have to offer at my tender age? Issues of education have been neglected for too long. Teachers are poorly paid and thus do not take the art of imparting knowledge to their students seriously. Some of our higher learning centers lack the proper equipments and finances to carry out research for the advancement of technology. Fellow countrymen, we must note that education is the only bridge that is left for the maintenance of our economic prosperity and success. We need to produce men and women from our educational systems who will not only be ready to fill in the vacant positions in our country but are fit to work and become competent on global levels. It is for this reason that when elected, my government plans to remove all tax paid by teachers and increase the government spending on education by fifty percent from its current standings. We realize that all of us passed through the hands of a teacher. We will ensure that we put in place machinations to ensure that teacher’s salaries are thus reviewed upwards to cater for their needs and boost their morales as they shape the future leaders of this nation. Terrorism is also a real threat to this country. From September 11th when the twin towers were brought down by terrorists, our country has never been the same again and our people have never felt safe. What can we do? Are we helpless when it comes to terrorism? Fellow countrymen, I want to tell you that America has means and ways to deal with terrorism. It is sad that while this country bleeds, the current government has forgotten its call to protect the citizens of America. As the president, I will deal with terrorist in a manner that will ensure that they will never again attack our lands. I will employ measures that due to security reasons, can not be mentioned here. This mechanisms, will use all our technologies and manpower to ensure that America remain free from terrorism. We understand that America can never be America without its citizens and it is in our interest to ensure that the citizens are safe. Fellow countrymen, like I earlier stated, employment has become an elusive matter in our nation. When a nation can no longer employ those whom it has educated, it is creating insecurity within itself. We as the new government will therefore direct for the expansion of industries to create more employment opportunities. We will also create an investor friendly platform and lay out a framework where all that are willing to invest and become self employed can get the profits from their labors. We will support the worker’s union and their fight for better working conditions for their members. We will support the retired men and women. We appreciate the fact that that they have given unrelenting services for this great nation and. We shall ensure that their retirement benefits are accorded to them in time and also add to them bonuses based on the amount of years that they worked. As I end my humble plea for your endorsement of my presidential ambitions, I want to remember the many that have taken their times and forgone other opportunities just to be here. I also remember those who have traveled with me throughout my campaign trails and have offered both financial and moral support until this final campaign. In a special way, I also wish to thank my wife Mary for the encouragement she gave me. I am forever grateful to all of you and to the American nation for giving me this chance to practice my democratic right. Fellow country men, though the campaigns end today, the journey continues. We today stand a chance to make history, to rectify the mistakes that we have done in the past and to ensure that America is stronger and better. Citizens of America, let us not be weary of fighting for better living conditions, let us not be weary of upholding the values of our constitutions. Let us not be weary of treating each other as brothers and sisters. Even after the elections are past and gone, we shall still remain citizens of this great nation. We have come from far. We are going still going far. These elections will be the landmark of the better future yet to come. For those who will vote for me, I want to tell you thank you for believing in my policies. For those who will vote for my opponent, I still appreciate you for practicing your democratic right. For those who will not vote at all, I want to challenge you to know that you are held accountable for not helping in shaping the political landscape of your nation. We are all Americans, we all belong to America and one day when we shall have all gone, America shall still remain with our children and grandchildren as its rightful inheritor. Let us take this time to change America for the benefit of the future generations by voting for me as the fiftieth president of this country. Never forget that when history will one day be written down, your works today will always be remembered and told on to the future generations. Fellow countrymen, I want to urge you not to meditate upon the words of George Santayana when he once stated that, â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it†(George 2009). God bless you all and God bless America. Works Cited Brainyquote. com John F. Kennedy Quotes, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/j/john_f_kennedy. html Historycentral. com, America’s Wars, A complete History, 2009, Sourced On 28th April 2009: http://www. historycentral. com/wars. html Johnson, Lyndon B. , Neil A. Armstrong, 1993, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www.jsc. nasa. gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na. html King, Martin Luther, I Have a Dream Address at March on Washington August 28, 1963. Available: http://www. mlkonline. net/dream. html Nelson, Cary, About the Great Depression, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/depression/about. htm Santayana, George, Quotations, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. quotationspage. com/subjects/history/ Whitehouse. gov, George Washington, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/

Discrimination In The White Tiger

Discrimination In The White Tiger The narrative techniques observed in these two novels are different each with its own unique style. This essay deals with the narrative technique employed by Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird and Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger. A contrast is brought out between the narration presented by the protagonist Scout Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird and by Balram Halwai in The White Tiger. The lifestyle and situation presented in these two novels differ in their society as well as in their times. Scout Finch presents her story by the backdrop of the American society of the 1930s and Balram the Indian Society in the new millennium. These differences however bring out the common theme of discrimination observed, but from two different perspectives, with the help of examples from the prevailing conditions. This has been done by looking into the various factors of the narrative technique employed by these narrators. The style of writing, tone, characterization, backgrounds all vary in these two novels. Each of this is brought out by comparing and contrasting the narrative technique adopted by these two authors. All of this not only differentiates the style adopted to convey the message in each of these books but at the same time brings out the limitations and reliabilities of the two narrators. By doing so, the novels throw light on the age old social hierarchy in two different forms and does so from two unconventional perspectives, thus making them more believable. Introduction Discrimination is the theme in a flawless narrative by a lawyer in Alabama who later served in the legislature, as well as the theme in a powerful book by a young Indian traveler half a century later. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee depicts the theme through the racial biases down south in the Americas of the early 1900s while The White Tiger, by Aravind Adiga depicts a similar divide through the metaphoric India of the darkness and India of light. This essay deals with the foregrounding of the theme of discrimination in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird and AravindAdigas The White Tiger by a study of the narrative technique employed by the narrators. The narrator is the person chosen to convey the plot to the reader, and both the books being analyzed here have unconventional narrators whose gripping narration keeps the readers engaged through the book. In Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch is the narrator, with the perspective of a child from the age of five to eight through three summers in a row where she experiences the whole situation presented in the novel. Though the narration happens at a much later age, years after the incidents have unfolded; the innocence and naivety in the narrator have been retained. The narrator Balram Halwai in The White Tiger is however different. This narration is not as complex as Scout Finchs and is presented from the first persons point of view with this entrepreneur as its protagonist. He presents his life through a series of letters with an autobiographical element to it. Both these narrators bring out the common class divide observed by speech and dialogue, setting, age, tone, and plot. By doing so they present the same subject matter from two distinctive perspectives and this has been analyzed here. There is a complex narration observed in To Kill a Mockingbird from the perspective of a child as well as an adult. The narration is presented by Scout Finch from when she was eight years old. The adult narrator begins the novel by opening the story with the help of an analepsis. The adult narrator recounts the events in the way she experiences them as a child, without adding any commentary to it. She plunges straight into the story, which has been presented from a childs point of view and as Atticus points out, Theyve done it before and they did it tonight and theyll do it again and when they do it seems like only children weep  [1]  thus portraying the emotions she felt at that time. However the adult narrator brings out her understanding with age when she states, I never figured out how Atticus knew I was listening, and it was not until many years later that I realized he wanted me to hear every word he said  [2]  Her comments on her childhood naivety does not make her om niscient but definitely gives her the power of omniscience as she is able to look back on the events that have occurred and comment on the thoughts running in other peoples heads as she has matured considerably over time and has been able to understand many more things. The adult narrators lack of interference gives the reader a chance to embark on the journey which brings out this discrimination with the young Scout. By doing so they view the events in the light in which they occurred without any biases. Along with this they are also given a chance to observe the way the young Scout handled herself through this crisis and matured through it as she switches back to first person narration when she is directly involved in the action as seen in the court case of Tom Robinson. The reader is thus able to connect with the protagonist and experience the journey alongside her. By this, the reader is free to derive their own conclusion of what they read in the book, though she has limited them by providing it all from her point of view. The narrator further supports this narration when the adult Scout drops in subtle hints for the events she wants the readers to see when she says, We sometimes discussed the events leading to his actions.  [3]   The narrator Balram Halwai in The White Tiger is however different. Living a rags to riches story the protagonist emerges from the darkness to light, from the villages in Central India to New Delhi and then to Bangalore. Balram presents this autobiographical narration over seven nights through letters to Wen Jiabao, the Chinese Premier, shortly visiting India. His letters have an autobiographical element to it as it spans his life from his childhood to his present status and the journey from the darkness to light. Balrams narration brings out the Indian social hierarchy prevalent in society from his point of view, a very different version from what his master Mr. Ashok views it to be. While the latter condemns the country for having too many half baked men, Balram mocks the rich for having studied for decades and then finally taking orders from other men for the rest of their lives when he says, Entrepreneurs are made from half baked clay.  [4]   We see India as it is today from a member of a working classs perspective and we get an insight into much that we wouldnt under normal circumstances have given a thought to. Adiga presents a view of the world from the narrators perspective for the benefit of the reader, and this brings out the effect of using such an unconventional narrator. His use of the English language in its simplest form by the use of simple sentences reiterates his position in the society and makes him more appealing to the reader. This can be supported by: In the morning someone came into the room. It was ex driver number one.  [5]  This sentence spoken by Balram towards his colleague throws light onto the education he received for despite his age is he still spoke like a child. His cunning, sardonic tone applied when he states the above, makes him mean and a man of the world who has learned how to survive, creating an ambiguity of his age. There is a contrast between his age and speech here which furthe r brings out his position in society. His ambitions to reach the top of the hierarchy and clear away all the class distinctions put forth to him puts him at the apex of the situations that arise in his life, such as revealing the religious secret of driver one, and the murder of his master, Mr. Ashok. This makes the reader acquainted with the protagonist here and gives one the freedom to judge this character in the way one wants, similar to Scouts narration. Scout, as a narrator is perceived differently from him, for she is merely a viewer for the reasons of her troubles in society. The childish tone adopted by her brings out the truth in the fear felt by the society when something out of the ordinary happens, for instance with Boo Radley. They accuse him of being a ghost but Scout views him as a friend and fellow human being after he saves her life, when she says, Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them.  [6]  This brings out a maturity in her and an understanding got with experience. By this, she comes across the prejudices faced by the adult society which were unknown to her. This aspect of her narration portrays her as a round character as more than one aspect of her character emerges through this. The directness with which she voices out her thoughts to Atticus can be compared to the bluntness with which Balram in The White Tiger expresses his opinion on the things around him. This brings out his upbringing in Darkness  [7]  , by the lack of refine to him as a person. His frequent exclamations while expressing his views, however harsh they might be, without any regret suggest this as well. His thirst to prove himself as educated and rich is brought in this tone adopted by him as he tries to prove himself to the Premier by referring to himself as a one of its most successful (though probably least known) businessman  [8]  . His tone brings out the pride he feels on the wrongs he did in his life to reach the top rung of the ladder of success when he says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I became, briefly, a person of national importance owing to an act of entrepreneurshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [9]  He is in fact talking about murder in this context without any guilt. He tries to bring out his knowledge to the Premier in a way which suggests that he knows it all by listening to the people around him. This is supported by words such as apparently and I guess. These suggest an uncertainty and the idea of being made up as they support the ideas of being unsure. Scout Finch as presented by Lee does not try to prove herself and brings out her natural reactions towards the events which occurred in her childhood. The adult narrator does not try to modify any of her reactions as a child and presents is all in the sequence it occurred. She brings out her confusion and her imagination, thus presenting Balram as a very defensive character. Along with this she also brings out the hostilities faced by Atticus on taking up Tom Robinsons case. Scout is unable to understand all of this and cites her confusion. The title here plays an important role in foreshadowing the character of the narrator and highlights the theme of discrimination. A mockingbird stands for innocence. This motif of the mockingbird too arises in the novel four times through the course of her narration. One of which is the column written by B. B. Underwood on Toms death which goes against this discrimination and brings out the humanity that is present in such a society. On the other hand, the title The White Tiger, suggests uniqueness and rarity, acting as an epithet to the protagonist Balram. His unconventional narrative is brought out by his colloquial language seen in his exclamations as well as in the various parentheses like No: dont misunderstand. I had nothing to do with his death! But Ill explain later.  [10]  His use of this trivial incident of death while writing to a person as important as a Premier of a country sites his background and education. The choice of narrator here makes this discrimination observed more predictable as its presented is by a person who has been at the receiving end of it. This could also however be interpreted to be a little farfetched and not completely accurate for the experiences could have been exaggerated by the narrator so as to gain sympathy and prove himself right. The protagonist through the first person narrator is able to project his thoughts and feelings by his perspective. Scouts inner confusion comes out in this manner with the help of speech and dialogue in To Kill a Mockingbird, when she has to face the hostility of the society after Atticus takes up Tom Robinsons case. Her words are confused and she is not always aware of the events occurring around her. This brings out her imagination, her age and thus her character. In such times of uncertainty Scout also exhibits a maturity, when in conversation with Miss Maudy, where she states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but Atticus was only a man. It takes a woman to do that kind of work.  [11]  Along with this she also brings out her view of the racial discrimination that exists in society when she hears the ladies talking, and she admires Aunt Alexandra for her ability to put on a strong face even in the time of crises. Her view of everyone being equal because the working classes too has families as sh e has seen with the family retainer Calphurnia , makes her view point different from what an adult might have been at that time simply because her thoughts werent biased. Her speech also reveals the problems faced by her because of the biases. Her belief of equality between the white and black make her stand out against the biases of the society. She also presents the other characters from her point of view. They are biased according to what she makes them to be and are presented as part of her life and not explicitly for the readers. This taints them by the opinion she holds of them. This can be supported by her opinion on Walter Cunningham when she states He aint company, Cal, hes just a Cunnigham   [12]  All of these characters are characterized indirectly as they are all introduced by the narrator. This provides a limitation for the reader to judge them as they are all presented from the perspective of the narrator and are biased. This makes it unreliable for the reader to judge them. A similar pattern is observed in The White Tiger as well. The characters have all been tainted by Balrams point of view. They have been brought out in the sequence of action that occurs in his life and at the junctions where they play a part in making the narrator who he is today. His descriptions of his fellow characters and the events occurring are clear, concise though broken in some parts. The readers first impression of Mr. Ashok, his master is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a figure on the terrace, a fellow in long loose white clothes, walking around and around, lost deep in thought  [13]  .This not only highlights the contrast between the narrator here and in To Kill a Mockingbird, but also reiterates his position in society especially when he says, the moment I saw his face, I knew: This is the master for me.  [14]  This unconventional narrative contributes towards developing the narrator as a character by the turn of events in his life and once again reminds the reader of his upbri nging. The White Tigers cunning, ambitious nature is brought into focus with the way he exposes the driver number ones secret to their master and uses anothers downfall to reach his own success. This narrators view on the happenings around him combined with his style of getting things done his way defines him as an efficient protagonist who knows what happens around him and what still remains to be achieved. This confidence of his brings out a stark contrast to the narrator in To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout Finch is oblivious to the seriousness of the case taken up by Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, and because of this she is partially unaware of the social disgrace her family is facing and projects this by her childlike style of writing. The hardships faced by Balram in The White Tiger as seen with, Working in a tea shop. Smashing coals. Wiping tables. Bad news for meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦?  [15]  infuses in this protagonist the class distinctions and presents the society around him from a very biased view as opposed to the narrative adopted in the other book where her opinion isnt as biased. Balrams narration is Adigas novel brings out his blunt, unrepentant and outright nature and the presence of mind and grit exhibited to reach the top of the social hierarchy. This is a startling contrast to Scout in Harper Lees novel. Her innocence and pain is contrasted to his ways of the world here. He knows how to get his way around and use the people around him to get his way. While Scout finds it a need to protect her father against peoples vile judgments of calling him a nigger lover, he unrepentantly awaits the murder of his family for his crimes. He presents his views on discrimination from the perspective of the higher class now that hes an entrepreneur himself. He presents discrimination of class based on power here as is seen by his actions, something he had initially gone against. Harper Lee in contrast to this brings out Scouts lack of understanding and interpretation of the seriousness of the situation by her speech and dialogue which describes her tomboyish and enthusia stic nature and her curiosity towards everything happening around her. She now sees the cruelty of children against their peers as she feels it herself and her tomboyish nature cannot be contained in such matters as is seen with, My fists were clenched I was ready to make fly. Cecil Jacobs had announced the day before that Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers.  [16]   Just as Balrams background brings out the unusual style of writing in The White Tiger, its Scouts age which brings out the unconventional narrative observed in To Kill a Mockingbird. It defines the innocence and imagination present in a child without that being tainted by the working of the real world. It brings out the world as is viewed by the narrator then and thus helps in bringing out the accuracy of events taking place. In contrast to this brings out the ambiguity in the reliability of the narration as it has been presented by a child. There were situations which were too serious for her and were presented more by her imagination than by the reality of it. This emphasizes the point of her being a child who cannot be completely trusted in her report for her interpretation is naÃÆ' ¯ve and cant be completely relied upon. The narrators age is however important here as without considering that the reader might misjudge her character. It brings out her naivety and innocence by th e lack of clear understanding in matters of grave seriousness such as the conviction against Tom Robinson. The truthfulness of a childs narration keeps the reader in its grasp by the suspense created by it and makes him believe her and empathize with her. Her tone and voice keeps the narration light though the topic matter is serious. Scouts perspective is distinguished from that of the societys and helps in bringing out discrimination at two levels. For one Scout is continually told by Aunt Alexandra to wear dresses and not play with the boys; and they are also condemned for supporting the blacks, as seen by her cousin when At a safe distance he called, Hes nothin but a nigger-lover.  [17]  Condemnation goes at two levels and brings out the magnitude of this theme in the book by highlighting its intensity and making it more believable. This theme of discrimination forms the basis of the plot which is developed by the controlled release of information. The characters are introduced one by one and the themes are introduced in the time of crises. This heightens its effect and makes the reader focus on it. The theme of discrimination is brought out when the whites insult the black. The adult narrators description of the other peoples reaction at the court scene brings out the dissatisfaction in the crowd as well as reinforces the prejudice of the jury towards the white, despite the Negro being innocent. The analepsis is used by Adiga in The White Tiger for a different effect. The plot has been constructed in such a way that the reader is continually reminded of the protagonists current position. This helps in concluding each letter and also making a reference to his office, which makes the reader acquainted to the present setting as well as bringing out a contrast between his past and present status. This is reinforced by his pride and constant references to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the chandelier has a personality of its own. Its a huge thing, full of diamond shaped glass pieces, just like the ones they used to show in the films of the 1970s.  [18]  in his tiny office. The plot deals with his brilliance in how he handles situations and on analyzing the people around him as he presents a very judgmental view on the other characters and presents them as he sees them a stark contrast to Scout Finchs narration. Conclusion The various aspects of the narrative technique presented by Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird and by Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger have been analyzed through the course of the essay. The different styles on writing adopted by the writers to bring out the theme of discrimination, which has been analyzed here by looking at the tone, characterization, speech and dialogue, plot and setting of the two novels. The common style of using an analepsis has been brought out here, which helps in involving the reader into the plot. This makes the reader appreciate the work more as he is able to connect with it. One of the common aspects observed in this essay is the presentation of the plot without any external comments. This has left the reader with the choice to judge the characters and interpret the narrators intentions in the way he wants. Despite this, there are certain limitations which are provided for the way they make their judgments. This is observed by the narrators perspectives on the way they view their fellow characters and the events that occur. Scouts childish narration, supported by her confusion and maturity and Balrams sardonic tone adopted to bring out the world from the point of view of a lower class brings out theme of discrimination from an altogether different perspective. The narrative technique helps in throwing light on the life of the narrator and makes their tales more believable. Yet there are some limitations which crop up. Scout Finch is a child who doesnt understand all that happens around her. This makes her a little unreliable because of her tendency to let her imagination infuse with the reality of things. Despite this she presents a very unbiased view of the society around her, thus projecting the blacks and whites in the same light. Adiga on the other hand presents Balram Halwai as a person whose defensiveness makes him prove himself every time he claims to have done something. In doing so there are times where he might have exaggerated the course of the events that have occurred to draw sympathy towar ds himself and presents the society and its people from a very biased view. These two narrators bring out the same theme with different motives. There are however several limitations which I faced while writing this essay. One being the lack of secondary sources to back up my argument thus making me base my argument completely on the texts in hand and on my personal interpretation of it. Along with this I put together my data from a variety of sources as this topic of analysis here is not a well documented topic as it has been primarily based on class discrimination. There is also a scope of a more exhaustive study as this essay has only dealt with some of the aspects of the narrative technique such as the tone, setting, plot and so forth and much more can be said on these aspects of the narrative technique employed by these two authors. The representation of the theme of discrimination is similar in many aspects in these two novels. Both these authors have used a very unconventional way of bringing out this these. There is an attempt by the author to present these themes in such a way that the readers are easily able to connect with it and understand the underlying motives and intentions of the narrators. Lee has brought out such a serious topic from the perspective of a child through an analepsis, whereas Adiga presented his novel through the protagonist Balram Halwai by using some aspects of the Bildungsroman technique. By adopting these methods, they have provided one with scope for a very exhaustive analysis not only in the narrative techniques adopted but also on the other features to foreground this theme of racial discrimination.

History Of The Olympics :: essays research papers

History of the Olympics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 776 BC a foot race was run. The winner was the first Olympic hero ever. From that very first race to today, the Olympics have always been a way for nations to come together in friendly competition and international goodwill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conditions of the first Olympics were not anything like they are today. The events were held in an open space in which a track had been paced off, areas for the javelin and discus had been laid out, etc. The spectators did not have stands to sit in; instead, they occupied the sloping areas around the track; sitting on blankets and sleeping in tents if they were wealthy enough to have one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because the games were held during the hottest time of the year, flies were a terrible problem. The problem was so pervasive that an offering, in the form of a sacrifice, was made to Zeus, asking him to keep the flies away from Olympia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As time went on different features and structures were added to the site. A hippodrome was built for the chariot races, a gymnasium and bathhouse for the athletes, and even a hotel for the wealthiest of spectators.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vendors were there, selling wine that the spectators drank along with the cheese, bread and olives they ate. Sanitation was basically nonexistent. Water was always in short supply until Herodes Atticus of Athens built an aqueduct and a water system. This did not occur until the games had been taking place for 900 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The contests consisted of foot races, horse and chariot races, boxing, wrestling, discus, javelin, broad jump, and horse races. The horse races were unique in that the prizes were given to the owner of the horse, not the rider. The discus, javelin and broadjump were part of the pentathlon event which also included a 200-meter dash and a wrestling match. The winner had to have taken three of the five events.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the fifth and final day of the festival, the athletes marched to the temple of Zeus to collect their winnings, the coveted victor’s olive wreath. The winner of an Olympic event won much more than just the olive wreath however. He was often awarded a cash bonus by his townspeople; sometimes a pension for life. Additionally, he was welcomed as a contestant at other festivals where the prizes were often large amounts of cash.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning the athletes were aristocrats, as they had the free time necessary to train for the games.