The Reasons For Child Brutality - 1940 Words

Dr. Garbarino discusses the reasons for child brutality in boys and teens, researching factors from birth to teenage years, to show how the urban city in a African American boy is not that much diverse from the small town Caucasian boy from Arkansas. Garbarino interviewed multiple young violent males from Colorado to New York from fall 1996 to fall 1998. He interviewed these young men to examine what influenced them to do such violent crime, through emotions, physically, spiritually and mentally. Many of the boys Garbarion interviewed had self-doubts and other life challenges. There were also violence with the home (e.g. if a father is abusive to his son, the son could grow up thinking it is â€Å"ok† to be abusive with others too). . Many of†¦show more content†¦With Illegal drugs, 9 percent of all high school males had used cocaine; moreover 50 percent of adolescent boys having used marijuana (Garbarino, 1999). Overall drug use among teenagers, which started in 1976 (when 45 percent admitted to some drug use) and continued to 1994, the reported overall rate is on the increase again and now stands at 36 percent (Garbarino, 1999). Drugs makes humans do things they wouldn’t normally do and with this comes shootings and homicides because they are under an influence and do not have self control. Youth homicides, under the age of 21, are usually 25 percent of the time with statistics at 23, 000 per year. Garbarino discusses how a soul survives in a world of torment. If a young boy got shot and survived, more brutality and neglect occurs in the neighborhood and even in the family; because of this now that boy soul is buried under layers of violent behavior and vague thoughts and emotions. Through urban city violence a good child could become bad through what he has seen in his life. Not only with difficulties at the house of neighborhood now there are difficulties the school. Children who live in a single parent household are more likely to skip school or are in physical fights and bullying. These children are also more likely to cheat

A Short Stories By Edgar Allan Poe - 947 Words

Throughout history there have been countless writers of all different kinds, poetry, books, plays, short stories and several others. These stories often times leave a legacy behind, leaving their names in history books, forever remembered by future generations. Stories like these have numerous ways of being interpreted and there are always the minuscule details that go unnoticed the first time reading. Often times this depends on the author, numerous authors never go far off the beaten path compared to their other works. One of the best examples, Edgar Allan Poe is a fantastic writer whom started writing as early as the 1820’s he later passed away in 1849. Amazingly Poe is still genuinely well known, even in today’s standards for being an excellent writer. Several if not all his stories are dark and kind of morbid, they often retain the reader wanting more. Since his stories are often found to be dark and morbid, what could be the differences in such stories, they canâ €™t be that identical can they? Or is dark their only similarity? When darkness creeps into the spotlight of a story you know it will be a great attention grabber. During Edgar Poe’s writing of â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum† he takes a spin on his usual prints, maybe for the reason that it’s one of his earlier writings. The story begins with a person that is in severe peril contemplating the possibility of the death sentence. During this stressful time the character is falling in and out of conciseness, all theShow MoreRelatedFive Short Stories of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesBarnabà ¡s Kanik Five short stories of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) pioneered many of the most enduring forms of American popular culture, including detective story and the Gothic or sensational tale. I will compare and contrast five short stories of Poe: The Gold-Bug, The Purloined Letter, â€Å"Thou Art the Man†, The Cask of Amontillado and The Pit and the Pendulum. The genre, the purpose and role of the narrator and the parallelism between all of the stories will be examined. Read MoreEssay on The Perverse in the Short Stories of Edgar Allan Poe3365 Words   |  14 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is perhaps the best-known American Romantic who worked in the Gothic mode. His stories explore the darker side of the Romantic imagination, dealing with the grotesque, the supernatural, and the horrifying. He defined the form of the American short story. As one might expect, Poe himself eschewed conventional morality, which he believed stems from mans attempts to dictate the purposes of God. Poe saw God more as process than purpose. He believed that moralists derive their beliefsRead MoreThe Great Writer And Creator Of Short Stories By Edgar Allan Poe963 Words   |  4 Pagesand creator of short stories, Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. According to Charles E. May, a literary scholar, who specializes in the study of the short story, â€Å"Poe is very important in the history of American culture †¦ , he developed short fictions as a genre that was to have a major impact on American literature†¦ in nineteenth century† (May 5). Despite the huge amount short stories written and sold, Poe unsuccessfully tried to fix his financial situation. Poe s life experiencesRead MoreInfluence That Endures Ever More: Edgar Allan Poe908 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence That Endures Ever More: Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe once said, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.† Edgar Allan Poe was one of the most influential people in literary history and his words had the great power to impress the mind. More than 150 years after the death of Edgar Allan Poe, his writings are still influencing and inspiring writers today. Edgar Allan Poe was one of the a greatest literary influences of the 19th century andRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe; Fame Inspired by a Tragic Life865 Words   |  4 Pagespoet, Edgar Allan Poe, had been plagued by grief from an early age. He was an amazing poet and author who just happened to have a darker story. Many who have studied this prestigious man feel that his works, though magnificent, were extremely dark. Some believe it was nothing more then a fancy for him to spin such gruesome tales. Others feel his work was manipulated by the misfortune of his past. These people have actually found evidence that agrees with this statement. The works of Edgar Allan PoeRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe : The Tale Heart, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, And Annabel Lee Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is well known for his poetry. Edgar Allan Poe was not only a world renowned poet, but he is also known as being a writer of short stories, as well as known for being a critic. Edgar Allan Poe has many literary works; quite possibly the most famous one being The Raven. Some of Edgar Allan Poe’s other famous works include The Tell-Tale Heart, The Fall of the House of Usher, and Annabel Lee. Edgar Allan Poe is also known as being a Romanticist, due to the factRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe: Birth and Military865 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of the 19th century Romantic era poet Edgar Allen Poe is an interesting one indeed. Throughout his life he played the role of a writer of short stories, an editor and critic of all works, and poet of emotion; revolutionizing each role through his extremely pragmatic style. As a writer, Poe wrote everything from love stories to comedies to horror stories, even inventing the detective mystery genre, and as a poet, he set out to use poetry to transmit and arouse the reader’s sense of beautyRead More Edgar Allen Poe Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poes life was bombarded with misery, financial problems, and death but he still managed to become a world-renowned writer. Although he attended the most prestigious of schools he was often looked over as a writer and poet during his career. His stories were odd and misunderstood during their time. However, now they are loved a read by millions. On January 19, 1809 Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts at a lodging house. His parents David and ElizabethRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Black Cat 1650 Words   |  7 PagesBrittany White Mrs. Bey English 1101 1 April 2015 A Day in the Life Edgar Allan Poe is a very talked about writer. He has a dark, mysterious, gothic writing style. Poe was a troubled man that struggled in a lot of different areas in his life. It is believed that all of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories were connected to his tragic life events. â€Å"The Black Cat† is one of Edgar’s well-known short stories. It is about a man that endured a series of tragic events. This man was very feminine and his lackRead MoreEssay Poes Perspective Against the Upper Class1652 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary genius Edgar Allan Poe lived a troubled life. During his forty years of existence, Poe struggled with the deaths of countless family members, including his cousin-wife. These bruising events caused him to develop the mental illness depression. In his short story â€Å"Masque of the Red Death,† the views Poe developed during his tumultuous life are reflected in his writing. The theme of this short story emphasizes the inevitability of de ath in descriptive details because Edgar Allan Poe has encountered

Project Management Office ( Pmo ) - 1410 Words

Project Management Office (PMO) According to Project Management Institute (PMI 2008), a PMO is an organizational body or entity assigned various responsibilities related to the centralized and coordinated management of those projects under its domain. The role of the project management office (PMO) has increased nowadays, as many organizations are implementing it. According to PMI (PMI 2011), organizations with a PMO report more projects coming in on time, on budget and meeting intended goals to those without a PMO. The Ocean Cleanup Foundation has over 100 volunteers who are mainly scientists and engineers, and their management includes, the CEO, operation manager, financial officer, lead oceanographer and lead engineer. Thus,†¦show more content†¦cies, and best practices 2- Assist the project managers in meeting their project’s goals and deliver milestones within budget, time, and scope 3- Assist the project team in reducing and managing any potential risk 4- Monitor and evaluate the progress of the project through conducting quarterly reports and metrics 5- Assist in assigning the project personnel 6- Monitor the usage of the project resources 7- Provide training and mentoring support 8- Coordinate the work between the units 9- Keep the whole team up to date with new technologies, tools and software 10- Report project’s status to senior management 11- Assist project managers in developing cost estimation and project schedule 12- Create the best method for sharing and updating the project WBS, schedule, cost estimation, and reports with those working on the project Steps to establishing Project Management Office (PMO) Ocean Cleanup’s senior management should design and staff the PMO base on the following steps: 1- Perform an assessment of the existing procedures, and policies and address any gab or issue in that matter 2- Evaluate the skills of the people working on the project, and determine the trainings needed 3- Develop a PMO charter that identifies their objectives, responsibilities, and their structure within the organization 4- Determine if the PMO staff will work full time or as contractors 5- Determine the number of PMO staff 6- Determine the location of the PMO 7- Develop PMO targeted goals andShow MoreRelatedThe Goal Is Contributing Business Value897 Words   |  4 PagesStronger PMO: The goal is contributing business value†, presents some of the most important characteristics that if followed correctly could make a Project Management Office (PMO) Successful. A fifth step that could definitely only make the PMO stronger is: Train and Mentor the Force. A PMO office not only sets the standards for subordinate project teams to follow, they also coach and mentor their employees (PMBOK, 2013, p 11). It could be easy to imagine what type of employees will the PMO actuallyRead MoreMission And Vision Of The Pmo Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesMission and Vision of the PMO Defining the mission and values of the PMO will be essential in aligning the strategic goals of the organization and outlining the function of the department. The role of the PMO is to supply project management tools and methodologies, respond to any variations, provide auditing and monitoring of projects, standardization, training, and governance for the organization (Vaidyanathan, 2013). Along with the above functions, the PMO also ensures that the policies and proceduresRead MoreProject Report : The Three Gorges Dam1451 Words   |  6 Pagesin 2009 (Appendix 1). The cost of the project was increasing along the construction. By 2009, this project was estimated to be cost 20 billion. â€Å"Even then opponents claim that the budget is insufficient for resettlement, the saving of cultural sites and pollution control† (Sutton, 2004). Project or Program PMI defines a project as â€Å"a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result† (PMI Program Standard, 2013). Typically, projects have defined duration and cost with aRead MoreEssential Components Of A Program Management1150 Words   |  5 Pagesto achieve excellence in project management can vary dependent upon the project, as a â€Å"One size fits all† tactic does not usually apply. While there are agreed upon theories, processes or life cycles of projects in the project management profession, the factors which determine the success of particular projects differ. Often, a feeling of effectiveness or achievement may outweigh budgeting and timing issues, for both the project team and the client, however upper management may not be satisfied withRead MoreThe Value Encompassing The Culture Of Leveraging People, Process, Data And Technology1429 Words   |  6 Pagessimple data to valuable information for executives. And the technology enable s to produce assets. Departments have struggle to develop projects on time, budget, quality and accomplish benefit realization; however, the new challenge has led how to associate initiatives to goals in order to achieve strategic plans. Today’s emphasis is create a project management office (PMO) which boost IT effectiveness, and efficiency based on cut cost, rise productivity, and improve project’s delivery in terms of timeRead MoreAtek Pc Pmo700 Words   |  3 PagesAn Analysis of AtekPC Howard Kleinberg, Mark Grover As we walk through our analysis of this case, please keep the following questions in mind: 1. What mistakes did AtekPC make in implementing its PMO? 2. What should AtekPC have done to successfully implement its PMO? Industry Background Proliferation of mobile phones, PDAs and web-based applications slowed PC popularity. Industry was undergoing a wave of Director Application Development consolidation as cost control and scale Richard SteinbergRead MoreHarvard Business School: the Atekpc Project Management Office1550 Words   |  7 PagesCases in Applied Project Management Individual  Assignment Identify the main purpose and mission of a PMO and what are the main challenges and obstacles in implementing a PMO? (HBS: The AtekPC Project Management Office) Submitted by: KMO Greene Introduction The AtekPC Company found in 1984 has grown in size and scope to become a mid-sized technology PC manufacturer. The company now boasts 2100 fulltime employees with an additional 200 part time workers and revenues of $1.9 billionRead MoreCase Study Management : Project Management1223 Words   |  5 PagesFundamentals Case Study #1 What is one of the biggest challenges for IT industry companies is implementing project management practice within a constantly changing environment and not flexible inner culture of the company. This paper is based on the case by Harvard Business School that is describing challenges and failure of AtekPC during the implementation of Project Management Office. AtekPC is a PC maker founded 1984 with the headquarters in Metropolis. In 2006, it was a middle-sized companyRead MoreThe Project Management Office: An Overview1572 Words   |  6 PagesProject Management Office The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), published by the Project Management Institute, addresses the objective of a Project Management Office (PMO) as follows: PMO is an organizational body or entity assigned various responsibilities related to the centralized and coordinated management of those projects under its domain. The responsibilities of a PMO can range from providing project management support functions to actually being responsible for the directRead MoreAtekpc1604 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis The AtekPC Project Management Office Case Overview AtekPC is a mid-sized U.S PC maker with sales of $ 1.9 billion and employed 2100 full time employees and additional 200 part time workers. This case discusses most of the obstacles to establishing a PMO (Project management Office) are beyond the CIO and PMO Managers control. We see a lot of problems faced by the CIO in implementing a PMO in the enterprise. Regardless of the technical challenges during the implementation, the core

Beowulf and Christianity Essay - 818 Words

Morality, a standard of right behavior, was one of the most important characteristics during the Anglo-Saxon era. The story Beowulf depicted many virtues of the times. Beowulf holds his morals and virtues above all else, from the way he fought in battle until the day he died. Beowulf showed his honor as he traveled from his homeland to battle the vicious monster Grendel, who was terrorizing the Danes. Grendel â€Å"raided and ravaged† (105) the mead hall, showing no honor by killing inebriated men in their sleep. Beowulf proved his honor by deciding to â€Å"spurn all weapons†(338) and fight Grendel â€Å"with hand grip only†(342) thus declining an upper hand on his foe. Beowulf’s honor is apparent again when he describes the contest between†¦show more content†¦Beowulf fought off monsters in the oceans deep, protecting Breca from the â€Å"grisly sea beasts.† (430) Beowulf’s morality came also in the form of loyalty to people and hi s word. Loyalty to his father remained throughout the epic. On numerous occasions he boasted of his father, Ecgtheow, who â€Å"was famous in many a folk-land,† (195) thus immortalizing his name. Promises made by Beowulf were worth their weight in gold. His reputation grew as an honest and loyal man. After Beowulf’s promise to slay mother Grendel, Hrothgard â€Å"gave thanks to God/ for the heartening words the hero had spoken.† (910) Beowulf had yet to kill mother Grendel, but Hrothgar knew Beowulf would fulfill his promise. Acceptance of death, and care for the welfare of his people were Beowulf’s greatest virtues. Preparing for battle, Beowulf accepted the possibility of victory but also made arrangements in the event of his death. Before his battle with Grendel he requested â€Å"the best of corselets† and â€Å"Finest of byrnies†(353) be sent to Hygelac. Suffering a â€Å"grievous and grim†(1644) wound at the hands of the dragon, with the finger of death pointing his way, Beowulf’s only concern was the financial wellbeing of his people. Knowing his death was not in vain, he thanked god for allowing him to gain â€Å"such dower of riches† (1703) for his people upon his death. Beowulf was one of the most noble and moral epic heroes. Respect for hisShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Paganism In Beowulf1005 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to be a savior? Well, that is every day for one epic hero named Beowulf. Beowulf is an epic poem about good versus evil written by an anonymous Christian monk. Paganism was the Geats first religion, and once Christianity became introduced, the religion slowly shifted from paganism to Christianity. Beowulf has successfully exhibited the transition from paganism to Christianity. The epic poem has a shift from Christianity to paganism throughout the poem. There are many symbolic examples thatRead MoreChristianity And Paganism In Beowulf775 Words   |  4 Pages In Beowulf the differences between Heorot and Grendel’s swamp are personified through setting descriptions, religious context and Beowulf’s heroic traits compared with Grendel’s anathematic characteristics by highlighting the major conflicts between Christianity and Paganism, emphasizing the contrast of man against monster. Christian ideas are ingrained in different characters, the glorious and brave Beowulf exemplifies good Christian values, while Grendel personifies evil in a devil-like characterRead MoreComparison Of Christianity In Beowulf1123 Words   |  5 Pageslastly that a man to be godly should be humble and selfless, although Beowulf himself didn’t exactly followed the last. However, despite both poems having Christian passages, the texts also have parts the Anglo-Saxon culture as well, for instance Judith in the poem depicts her with heroic attitudes of a woman, not a saint, she is beautiful, wealthy adorned in gold, reminiscent of a male warrior military costumes. Equally, Beowulf poem have many references to the Christian god but to the Anglo-SaxonsRead More Beowulf, Christianity, and Paganism Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf, Christianity, and Paganism The poem Beowulf is a renowned story that displays many different surroundings and religious beliefs. Some may believe the story of Beowulf portrays pagan beliefs or customs and others believe that the poem is more in agreement with Christian ethnicity. The author of Beowulf uses both Christian and pagan elements in the poem to define the heroic warrior, Beowulf, and the evil dragons. After reading Beowulf the author clearly shows how Beowulf is a man whoRead MoreElements Of Christianity And Moganism In Beowulf1963 Words   |  8 Pages Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon literary work, encompasses elements of both Christianity and paganism. Originally a polytheist group, the Anglo-Saxons began to embrace monotheism after learning about Christianity. Although they embraced monotheism, elements of paganism and polytheism still lingered in their society as they tried to adapt to their new belief. A combination of Christianity and paganism in Beowulf is the result of the unknown poet’s view of the change in beliefs in Anglo-Saxon society. RegardingRead MoreEssay on Beowulf (Christianity vs. Paganism)689 Words   |  3 PagesChristianity vs. Paganism In the story of Beowulf, there is a noticeable struggle between Christianity and Paganism, and the characters personal battle between the two. Throughout the story the characters display actions that lead towards Paganism and Christianity. Contrary to Pagan belief Beowulf is seen as the epitome of good and beneficent to all of mankind. In Beowulf, the people showed their faith and love in God, however due to horrific events, paranoia caused them to look for a quickRead MorePaganism and Christianity in Beowulf Essay examples1414 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf is an epic poem that centers around the hero Beowulf, a Geat from Sweden who crosses the sea to Denmark in a heroic quest to save King Hrothgar, king of the Danes and the builder of Herot, and his men from the demonic monster Grendel who kills and feasts on Hrothgar’s warriors. Beowulf’s adventure does not end when he defeats Grendel though, he must also kill Grendel’s mother because she seeks revenge for her son’s death. Once Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother, he goes home and soon becomesRead More Christianity and Paganism in the Epic of Beowulf Essay1800 Words   |  8 PagesChristianity and Paganism in Beowulf The story of Beowulf shows the effect of the spread of Christianity in the early Danish paganistic society that values heroic deeds and bravery above all else. The mythical creatures that Beowulf kills with his supernatural strength make the story into an epic celebrating the life of a great hero. However, blending in among Beowulfs triumphs against the three key creatures, we also see Christian virtues being instilled upon the listeners. The goodRead More Epic of Beowulf - Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From?2406 Words   |  10 PagesWhere Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From?      Ã‚   The Christian influences in Beowulf ultimately came from the Christian/Catholic Church of Rome which converted Romans, and thereby the Roman legions and thereby the occupied provinces. Also the Christian/Catholic Bishop of Rome sent missionary priests and monks to the British Isles to proselytze the population. There are additional considerations too.    First of all, let us be clear about the fact that the conversion of Britain toRead MoreEssay about Beowulf (Christianity vs. Paganism)664 Words   |  3 Pages Christianity vs. Paganism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the story of Beowulf, there is a noticeable struggle between Christianity and Paganism, and the characters personal battle between the two. Throughout the story the characters display actions that lead towards Paganism and Christianity. Contrary to Pagan belief Beowulf is seen as the epitome of good and beneficent to all of mankind. In Beowulf, the people showed their faith and love in God, however due to horrific events, paranoia caused

The Effect of Social Hierarchy in to Kill a Mockingbird

The Effect of Social Hierarchy in To Kill A Mockingbird Social classing systems, also known as social hierarchy have been around since the beginning of time. In such a system those of the upper class take advantage of the classes below them; whether it is kings and their servants or a boss and their workers. This social hierarchy has a profound effect on society and the events in Harper Lee s novel To Kill A Mockingbird. There are four classes in Maycomb; they are distinguished in the Tom Robinson case and in the crowd who attend his trial. Due to the social structure of Maycomb, Tom Robinson, a black man, is unjustly accused and convicted of a crime he does not commit. The society of Maycomb has four definite class structures,†¦show more content†¦There was no room at the public hitching rail for another animal, mules and wagons were parked under every available tree. The courthouse square was covered with picnic parties sitting on newspapers.† (Lee, 160). The Ewells, Negroes and the defendant, Tom, represent the lower classes, the trial made it clear that when a black man’s word is against a white, the white, no matter the social status, always wins. Atticus understands the fact that winning the trial is very slim to none and he explains that you just can’t give up â€Å"They’ve done it before and they’ll keep doing it again and when they do it-seems that only children weep.† (Lee, 213). Despite the man Tom is, the jury must accuse someone of the crime and choose the easiest man to blame, Tom Robinson. The underling prejudice and social hierarchy of Maycomb County, sentenced Tom to life in prison, where he was shot and killed, for a crime he never committed. The class structure in Maycomb has a massive effect on the community and its people; even though it was evident that Tom Robinson was an innocent man, he was unjustly accused of something he did not do just to his class level; and finally, even with a fair trial it was show that a black man will never win against a white. Although the class system limited the chances of Tom’s freedom, his trial and the trial of man other Negroes will lead to a change in attitude and legal rights for Negros, for the rest ofShow MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesWe all have those special books that we hold close to our hearts due to the transformative affect they have upon us. Harper Lee’s, To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) is one such book. This story of discrimination may just alter the way we all view ourselves, others and the world we live in. Set in the 1930s throughout the Great Depression in South Alabama, the novel allows us all to come to the disturbing realisation that this novel remains as apt today as it did when it was first written 57 years agoRead MoreJim Crow Laws Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"system of laws and customs that imposed racial segregation and discrimination on Africans†, Jim Crow Laws were ubiquitous in America from the 1860’s to the 1960’s (Jim Crow Movement). These Jim Crow Laws came into effect after the end of the Reconstruction Era and restricted the social, political and economic rights of African Americans. Unlike the De Jure Segregation of Jim Crow Laws, Jim Crow Etiquette represented the De Facto Segregation in America-- segregation based on customs and practicesRead MoreAtticus Finch As An Idealized Form Of Law In To Kill A Mockingbird1448 Words   |  6 Pagesfilm, To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Att icus Finch represents an idealized form of law that goes against the truth of organizational mechanisms of racial inequality and racial dominance produced through societal value systems. This film was selected because of its unsettling nature, as it exposes the role of race and societal codes in the outcome of criminal cases. Race, as a social mechanism, is a concept deeply ingrained into our society and is a prominent feature of our legal system. To Kill a MockingbirdRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Hypocrisy Analysis1029 Words   |  5 Pagesdon’t realize they are ensnared, living their lives unaware of their wrongs to others and themselves. In To Kill A Mockingbird the residents of Maycomb County are thrown into new situations which reveal the depths of their hypocrisy to Scout, whose development is fueled by it. In the light of new ideas, old ones can change, along with There is hypocrisy abound in To Kill A Mockingbird. Many characters in hold on to high, â€Å"moral† beliefs while acting in the contrary. In chapter 26, Aunt AlexandraRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 1645 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is told from the view of Jean Louise (Scout) Finch. It is through her we are introduced to the social injustice, racial prejudice and problems rife in Maycomb’s society. Through Lee’s use of characters, objects and events we see how these issues are permeated into society, and I will be delving into these and explaining how they present the town of Maycomb. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of WalterRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagestranscend these values and mirror the true sentiments of our nation’s constituents. These laws cannot serve to uphold equality if that intention does not come to fruition in their practice and application to societal issues. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson, a black man in a mostly white community, faces accusations and a subsequent trial for the rape of Mayella Ewell, a white girl of the town. As the Southern setting of the novel implies, the racial aspect of this trial consumesRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 Pagesinto the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accom plishments, her novel To Kill a Mockingbird was voted the best novel of the twentieth century by Library Journal. With her first book, Lee shattered the cliche of what a first time author accomplishes. However, because of the major success Lee faced with her first novel, she had highRead MoreRacism And Loss Of Innocence1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn Harper Lee’s To Kill A MockingBird, Atticus states that, â€Å"‘[y]ou never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view †¦ until you climb into his skin and walk around in it’† (Lee 39). The literature Harper Lee presents to society touches many universal themes of society mechanics from the past and still connects to the present. Throughout the novel there are various forms of prejudice that evoke in the presence of social inequality, racism and loss of innocence. Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee2856 Words   |  12 Pages 1. What is the text type, author and context? The text type of To Kill a Mockingbird is a fiction novel which deals with the racism the author observed as a child in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee, who wrote her novel in a retrospective point of view. There were numerous aspects of historical, personal, cultural and social context in To Kill a Mockingbird. Harper Lee was born on the 28th of April, 1926, in Monroeville Alabama. Monroeville was

Purchasing Management Acquisition of Products

Question: Discuss about thePurchasing ManagementforAcquisition of Products. Answer: In todays competitive environment the progressive firms like Sheng Siong tries to maintain product quality and competitive price. The product quality increases the customer satisfaction. The purchasing managers have selected the suppliers based on their capabilities. The current aim of the purchase managers is to increase the efficient suppliers base. As stated by Spina et al. (2013), the purchasing manager has selected the suppliers based on those who continually outperform the competition. The purchasing managers have carefully analyzed and evaluated the demand of the customers. The professional purchasing managers of Sheng Siong have realized the importance of good and healthy food products and the value-added capacity of the suppliers. It has been noticed that selection of suppliers has become a competitive weapon for increasing business and maintaining customer satisfaction. As stated by Luzzini et al. (2012), the purchasing managers have to implement strategic partnership with the suppliers. Introduction: The purchasing manager manages the acquisition of products as per the requirement of the organization. As stated by Barney (2012), the purchasing managers select the suppliers. They are also responsible for managing issues and implementing new strategies to reduce the purchasing cost. It has been observed that the purchasing managers have implemented an information communication strategy for enhancing the purchasing operation and management (Weele Raaij, 2014). In this assignment, the criteria for selecting suppliers and the issues regarding the suppliers have been discussed. The implemented information and communication technology system for purchasing operation has been described. The purchasing cost analysis has been conducted for implementing the appropriate tools. Sheng Siong is the third largest chain retail organization in Singapore (Weele Raaij, 2014). This organization was founded in 1985 (shengsiong.com, 2016). The organization has already expanded their business and opened 40 stores in Singapore. The organization has the largest grocery and fresh food supermarkets retailing chain in Singapore (Spina et al., 2013). The organization sells grocery products, food products and ready to eat products (Barney, 2012). It has been observed that the organization has collected the products directly from the manufacturers. The purchasing managers have divided the product segment into three different categories such as featured items, newest items and best selling items. NTUC FairPrice Co-operative Pte Ltd is the main market competitor of Sheng Siong. NTUC has more than 33% market share in Singapore (Spina et al., 2013). On the other hand, the 24 hours store open strategy has increased the popularity of NTUC (Luzzini et al., 2012). It has been observ ed that Sheng Siong has implemented a new distribution centre in Mandai Link to increase the operational efficiency. It has been observed that the Mandai Link Distribution centre has increased their productive capacity (Monczka et al., 2015). The organization has also implemented a warehouse product processing unit and needs product distributional centers to sell larger quantities of goods and thereby earn greater benefits (Weele Raaij, 2014). Therefore, the aim of the organization is to reduce the food waste in other stages of the supply chain and improve the relation with suppliers for better business operation. Suppliers Selection Criteria and Issues: Figure 1: strategic partnership (Source: Spina et al., 2013) Issues: As stated by Monczka et al. (2015), the core capabilities are not identified by all business organizations proficiently. It has been observed that most of the inhouse decisions of the customers are taken by considering the capabilities and capacities. It has been observed that the consumer organizations take higher time for analyzing the value of the strategic business partners or the consultants (Walker Jones, 2012). It has been observed that the organization was unable torecognize that the products or services offered by them are approaching to maturity. The purchasing managers of Sheng Siong have observed that the competitors have attracted the customers with new technology and new food items. Therefore, the purchasing managers have to implement the key factors to make or buy success. The purchasing managers have to perform in a rationalized assessment of the organizations capabilities (Hartmann, Kerkfeld Henke, 2012). The purchasing managers have to evaluate the alternative strategic partnership arrangements. After evaluating the vendor companies, the purchasing managers have to select the appropriate suppliers (Luzzini et al., 2012). The purchasing managers have to evaluate the requirement of the organization and the customers and instruct the suppliers to supply those products. The purchasing managers have to specify the product attributes. They also need to forecast the expected requirements. The purchasing managers have to ensure right quality food product at a reasonable price. As opined by Priem and Swink, (2012), every business section should understand about the individual activities which have major impacts on overall strategy execution of the firm. It has been observed that factors like purchasing activities, supply chain management, and production controlling are linked together under the overall business process. Therefore product outsourcing is the responsibility of the purchasing managers (Pooler Pooler, 2012). It has been observed that purchasing managers have managed the supply chain management process. The basis of the supply chain management is the idea of efficient coordination of the resources and teamwork. The purchasing managers have to maintain the buyers and suppliers relationship for uninterrupted supply of fresh and good quality foo d and grocery items (Monczka et al., 2015). Information and Communication Technology for Purchasing Operation: As stated by Tate, Ellram and Dooley, (2012), purchasing is a service function in the organization. The fundamental objective of the purchasing department is to provide good products at minimum price. It has been observed that the purchasing goal has been implemented by the purchase managers through two different evaluation processes such as general evolution and audit evaluation. It has been observed that purchase managers have implemented the general evaluation process by observing the needs of the organization (Schoenherr et al., 2012). It has been observed that the organization has implemented a happy family product segment to attract the customers. Such a type of marketing strategy has increased the demand of the products like rice, oil, sugar and daily grocery items. Therefore the purchase managers have observed that the organization has not maintained a perfect demand and supply ratio with their existing suppliers. Therefore, the purchasing managers have to involve some new su ppliers or vendor organizations to maintain the demand and supply balance (Luzzini et al., 2012). The purchasing managers have observed that purchasing goals of the organization include good and fresh product quality, reasonable price and on-time delivery. The purchasing managers have to understand the additional cost of expending the procurement. As stated by Ashby, A., Leat and Hudson-Smith, (2012), higher product price will reduce the customer satisfaction. On the other hand, the cost of failure will create excessive stock piling. As argued by Priem and Swink, (2012), the cost of failure may make the business obsolete. The purchasing manager has to measure the efficiency of the purchasing department. It has been observed that Sheng Siong has faced a product related problem (Luzzini et al., 2012). The management has failed to identify any problem but it dissatisfaction among customers is observed. The management has received numerous complaints regarding the quality and price of grocery (Chicksand et al., 2012). Therefore the purchasing manager has planned to evaluate the requi rement of the organization before suppliers involvement. ICT for Purchasing Management: It has been observed that the information and communication technology helps the purchasing managers in different aspects such as collecting information, evolution, communicate with sales department communicates with interested sellers and as well as market analysis. As stated by Giunipero, Hooker and Denslow (2012), the marketing managers have observed the changing trends of the Singapore market through the social networking sites. It has been found that the purchasing managers have taken the help of active communication systems to communicate with the sales managers and the administrative team while finalizing the deal with suppliers (Weele Raaij, 2014). Thus, the purchasing managers have to take the help of information technology and communication systems for their purchasing activities. The purchasing managers would need to implement information technology for analyzing the review report. Additionally, the purchasing managers have to implement the Business-To-Business E-Commerce software system (Barney, 2012). This particular software will help in streamlining the process of purchasing and improve the way of international communication. On the other hand, efficient database software will be used by the purchasing managers which are able to provide exact outputs which can be used as the inputs of the supply chain management system. As stated by Green et al., (2012), the relation between the purchasing and ICT will help the purchasing managers choosing the suppliers or sellers of foods and grocery items. Purchasing Cost Analysis: It has been observed that the purchasing managers have implemented the purchase cost analysis with an aim to make an audit report on that. The purchasing cost analysis depends on the purchasing goals and requirements of the organization. As stated by Priem and Swink (2012), the purchasing goal of a retail organization is to purchase the good quality products in a reasonable price from the seller organizations. The purchasing managers of Sheng Siong have observed that the food and grocery products require more awareness than regular products. On the other hand, the purchasing managers will also anticipate the purchasing price of the food products and grocery items (Giunipero, Hooker Denslow, 2012). It has been observed that the retail organizations have not stored the packaged foods for a long time. On the other hand, the retail organizations have preserved the products in antibacterial freezers and chillers which are highly cost effective. Therefore the purchasing team has to select the food items according to their market demand and quality (Chicksand et al., 2012). The purchasing manager has to evaluate the reports of the quality department with respect to particular items before signing the contract. It has been observed that the popular food and grocery retail organizations have purchased the items in large quantities and are made to stock with many available sources. However, the large organizations have high brand value and are confident to store large amounts of grocery items but this is not the same with the the small or medium retail organization, as they have to choose items which lead to the future success of the organization (Ashby, Leat Hudson-Smith, 2012). It has been observed that the some grocery retail organizations have preferred low price products and the repetitive buyers are their target customer segment. However, Sheng Siong is a large food items and grocery retailer in Singapore. Therefore the purchase managers would preserve the goods for future. As stated by Schoenherr et al. (2012), 60% suppliers have provided huge discounts on bulk orders. Therefore, the purchasing process will be cost efficient for the organization. As stated by Tate, Ellram and Dooley ( 2012), more than 80% organizations are interested in long-term capital investments because it would provide better stability in the business. Therefore the administrative team of Sheng Siong needs to support the purchasing managers to implement the long term investment on the purchasing process. The purchasing managers need to understand some specific factors for implementing a new purchasing strategy. The purchasing managers need to coordinate with the user department for identifying the perfect products (Pooler Pooler, 2012). The purchasing managers have to identify the potential suppliers for the firm. The purchasing managers have to conduct the proper market study for identifying the correct grocery items. The purchasing managers have to evaluate the proposals of the suppliers. After that the purchasing managers have to implement the cost analysis based on the purchase cost and sales profit. As stated by Hartmann, Kerkfeld and Henke, (2012), the purchasing managers have to evaluate the past issues of the suppliers. Thereafter, the purchasing managers have to arrange a meeting among the sales manager, suppliers and purchase managers for final negotiation (Walker Jones, 2012). After finalizing the purchase price, the purchasing managers them communicates the same to the administrators. Finally, the administrators take decision about the purchasing procedures of the purchasing managers. Conclusion: This report is based on the purchasing procedures of Sheng Siong and the operations of the purchasing managers. It has been observed that Sheng Siong tries to maintain the product quality and competitive price. The product quality increases the customer satisfaction. The purchasing managers have selected the suppliers based on their capabilities. The purchasing managers have implemented their strategy to improve the purchasing operations. However, it has been observed that the organization has faced some product related issues in the past few years. Therefore, the purchasing managers have to implement the strategic partnership strategy for selecting the sellers. The purchasing managers of Sheng Siong have observed that competitors have attracted the customers with new technology and new food items. The purchasing managers have to implement the new information technology for analyzing the purchase goals of the organization. Communication helps the purchasing managers in sending inform ation to the sellers and the administrators. The purchasing cost analysis will help the purchase managers to evaluate the purchasing goals of the retail organization which is to purchase good quality products at a reasonable price from the seller organizations. Reference list: Ashby, A., Leat, M., Hudson-Smith, M. (2012). Making connections: a review of supply chain management and sustainability literature.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), 497-516. Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), 3-6. Chicksand, D., Watson, G., Walker, H., Radnor, Z., Johnston, R. (2012). Theoretical perspectives in purchasing and supply chain management: an analysis of the literature.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(4), 454-472. Giunipero, L. C., Hooker, R. E., Denslow, D. (2012). Purchasing and supply management sustainability: Drivers and barriers.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,18(4), 258-269. Green Jr, K. W., Zelbst, P. J., Meacham, J., Bhadauria, V. S. (2012). Green supply chain management practices: impact on performance.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), 290-305. Hartmann, E., Kerkfeld, D., Henke, M. (2012). Top and bottom line relevance of purchasing and supply management.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,18(1), 22-34. Luzzini, D., Caniato, F., Ronchi, S., Spina, G. (2012). A transaction costs approach to purchasing portfolio management.International Journal of Operations Production Management,32(9), 1015-1042. Monczka, R., Handfield, R., Giunipero, L., Patterson, J. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Pooler, D. J., Pooler, V. H. (2012).Purchasing and supply management: creating the vision. Springer Science Business Media. Priem, R. L., Swink, M. (2012). A demandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ side perspective on supply chain management.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), 7-13. Schoenherr, T., Modi, S. B., Benton, W. C., Carter, C. R., Choi, T. Y., Larson, P. D., ... Wagner, S. M. (2012). Research opportunities in purchasing and supply management.International Journal of Production Research,50(16), 4556-4579. shengsiong.com,. (2016).Sheng Siong.Shengsiong.com.sg. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.shengsiong.com.sg/ Spina, G., Caniato, F., Luzzini, D., Ronchi, S. (2013). Past, present and future trends of purchasing and supply management: An extensive literature review.Industrial Marketing Management,42(8), 1202-1212. Tate, W. L., Ellram, L. M., Dooley, K. J. (2012). Environmental purchasing and supplier management (EPSM): Theory and practice.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,18(3), 173-188. Walker, H., Jones, N. (2012). Sustainable supply chain management across the UK private sector.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(1), 15-28. Weele, A. J., Raaij, E. M. (2014). The future of purchasing and supply management research: About relevance and rigor.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), 56-72.

Information and Coordination in Organizations free essay sample

Information and Coordination in Organizations In speaking of organizations I believe that how organizations communicate is an extremely key factor in success versus failure. The purpose of this paper is to talk about Communication, Information and Coordination, specifically Vertical and Lateral Coordination in organizations. I will reference the four different organizational frames we have learned about as a reference guide to explain how communication is viewed, as well as which types of organizations are best suited to use either a Vertical or Lateral Coordination methodology. When we began the term we laid down a foundation on the different types of frames that an organization can take on. I would like to briefly touch on the four frames and then show how communication is defined in each. The first frame is the Structural Frame, which, â€Å"†¦emphasizes goals, specialized roles, and formal relationships†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bolman and Deal p. 14) In this frame the organization ultimately uses â€Å"†¦rules, policies, procedures and hierarchies to coordinate diverse activities into a unified strategy. †(Bolman and Deal p. 4) As you can see with the definition above, communication is being done through a system of symbols, signs and or behavior. The organization creates the method for information to be passed and there is an expectation that it will be followed. In the structural frame communication is used to, â€Å"Transmit facts and information. † (Bolman and Deal p. 307) You as an employee are simply taking information from the organization and using it accordingly as well as taking information you receive and passing it along. You as an individual are not analyzing the information, drawing any conclusions altering it, You are simply taking the information given to you and acting on it as given. The second frame is the Human Resource Frame. The Human Resource frame sees the organization, â€Å"†¦much like an extended family, made up of individuals with needs, feelings, prejudices, skills and limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Bolman and Deal p. 14) In this frame the organization is made to fit the individuals that work there. The Human Resource Frame uses communication to â€Å"Exchange information, needs and feelings. (Bolman and Deal p. 307) The Human Resource Frame uses the individual as a conduit for information gathering and dispersal and is much more flexible in the delivery of information as opposed to the Structural Frame, which is more rigidly aligned. People are the most valued asset of an organization. The Human Resource Frame seeks to develop the individual employee in the organization rather than making them one step is a core process. The third frame is the Political Frame and sees organizations as â€Å"†¦arenas, contests, or jungles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Bolman and Deal p. 4) In the Political Frame all people in the organization are in constant competition to get ahead and one way to get ahead is to possess the power of information. In the Political Frame it is who and what you know and who you are willing to share your information with that gets you ahead. With all of the competition involved there is often conflict between those vying for power. The Political Frame sees communication as an opportunity to, â€Å"Influence or manipulate others. † (Bolman and Deal p. 307) As stated previously, Information if a powerful tool. In a Political Frame possessing information and having the ability to communicate that formation is key. The problem with Politics is that often information is used destructively rather than constructively. In an organization influencing and manipulating can and usually is a double edged sword. Finally in the fourth frame is the Symbolic Frame is a more organic frame that is seen organizationally as, â€Å"Tribes, theaters, or carnivals. It abandons assumptions of rationality more prominent in other frames. † (Bolman and Deal p. 5) This frame is not widely used because it is so free flowing and actually quite odd that it does not work well in many cases. However, the Symbolic Frame still address communication as a means to, â€Å"tell stories. † (Bolman and Deal p. 307) Telling stories is a way often used to pass along information. Many cultures use stories to educate the next generation and the stories contain information that is important for the next generations to k now and preserve. In organizations, stories, tales and fables should not be seen as appropriate sources of information. Basically, all the frames acknowledge that communication is an essential part of their make-up. The ability to communicate, whether through rules and procedures, meetings and networks or stories is very important in the day-to-day operations of your organization. I now offer a definition of communication as found in Webster’s Dictionary and I will use the definition to further explain the importance of communication and more specifically the communication of information through a coordinated effort. Webster’s Dictionary defines Communication as: : an act of instance of transmitting 2 a: information communicated b: a verbal or written message 3 a: a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior b: personal rapport 4 a: a system for communicating b: a system of routes for moving troops, supplies, and vehicles c: personnel engaged in communicating 5 a: a technique for expressing ideas effectively b: the technology of the transmission of information. Since the beginning of time man has attempted to communicate and as a result communication has constantly been improved. Thoughts, events and information have been recorded and passed along in some form or another for centuries, so you can see how communication is an essential part of everyday life. Knowing this you have to wonder how do we effectively communicate with each other? The above question has become and will always be a huge topic in society. People spend millions of dollars a year on counseling and learning techniques to better communicate with each other. Many people have capitalized on this quest for better communication skills and have become supposed experts in the field of communicating. You hear everyday how you need to be able to communicate better in your relationships, with your friends, peers and in general with everyone. So I look to the above definition to better clarify what exactly is meant by the various definitions of communication as I interpret them. I will use three of the definitions above and concentrate eon how they tie in with the theme of the paper, which is coordination. 2 a: Information communicated. 3 a: a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. Finally, 5 b: The technology of the transmission of information. I chose the above three definitions because they tie into a repetitive theme within communication and that is the passing of information. We have discussed in this class, throughout the term, that information is power and those who have information have a definite advantage. In an organization information is key to success. The organization that is able to establish a free flow of information will always be in a better position to succeed because they are in a position to be able to adapt more quickly in times where change is necessary. I am not suggesting that information always leads to change, because the information you receive could very well be that you need to continue what you are doing without changing. In particular I’d like to look at the second definition I chose which talks about information being exchanged through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior and I’d like to focus on behavior because the way your organization is aligned can ultimately affect your communicative behavior. In chapter three of Reframing Organizations we look see two types of coordination, which determine how information is passed and who processes it. The two types of coordination are Vertical and Lateral. Organizations that operate in stable markets and use a product that has little need for change are best suited for a Vertically coordinated organizational system. Organizations that operate in a turbulent environment and require constant change are best suited for a laterally coordinated organization. I will address both types and give an example of each below. In Vertical Coordination we see that the higher levels of management maintain control of information and regulate communications through establishing clear lines of authority, implementing rules and policies, and putting in place planning and control systems. By establishing authority the hierarchy appoints people such as executives, managers and supervisors to be in charge. This core group of people selected to have authority are, â€Å"†¦officially charged with keeping activities aligned with goals. They control by making decisions, resolving conflicts, solving problems, evaluating performance and output, and distributing rewards and sanctions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Bolman and Deal p. 51) I can use my own situation as an example of this. Working in Law Enforcement I fall under a chain of command. In the chain of command I have been appointed a Sergeant. As a Sergeant I am charged with the tasks explained above. I communicate and pass information and orders to my subordinates. I receive my orders form my Commander, who in turn reports to a Captain and it goes right up the chain until it reaches the Sheriff. Information is communicated vertically through the ranks. Our organization aligned very closely with a Structural Frame Format. Not much emphasis is given to the Human Resource Frame, as the needs of the individual are not as much of a concern over the needs of the organization. The Political Frame is limited because the information is coming from the top and being disseminated down the ranks. Information obtained in Law Enforcement is normally transcribed in report format and given out. Information that is important and not given out could result in legal action. There is no chance for the Symbolic Frame to exist because we do not communicate organically nor are we allowed to report in a story fashion. In our private lives we can tell stories and relay information, however on an organizational level we deal strictly with fact. I derive my Authority from the chain of command and am regulated largely by the Policies and Procedures manual that my organization has constructed. The policies and procedures manual gives detailed instructions how to carry out tasks, how to monitor employees performance and conduct investigations. So in my personal career I can see that my organization is Vertically aligned. Information is communicated up and down the chain of command in clear-cut lines. Lateral communication and withholding information is discouraged and can lead to sever punishment. Although new technology is often introduced, the mission of Law Enforcement stays the same. As a result Law Enforcement uses vertical alignment to get information out as quickly and uniformly as possible. The opposite of the vertical form is the Lateral Form of Coordination. In Lateral Coordination several different methods are used to communicate and pass information. Lateral Coordination involves meetings, task forces, coordinating roles, matrix structures, and network organizations to communicate and pass on information. The above listed structures are more flexible and fluid than that of a rigidly defined Vertically Coordinated organization. I will briefly touch on the different methods used in the laterally coordinated systems. Meetings are described as, â€Å"informal communication and formal meetings form the cornerstone of lateral coordination. † (Bolman and deal p. 53) Formal meetings are the normal way stable organizations go about communicating. Simple meetings can used be used to pass along large chunks of information as well as to address new business. As the organization grows in complexity and size, Task Forces are utilized. Task Forces are formed when, â€Å"†¦problems or opportunities require collaboration of a number of specialties or functions. † (Bolman and deal p. 54) Collaboration requires cooperation and cooperation can only exist when there is communication. A Task Force gets a group of specialized people together to accomplish an organizational goal. Coordinating Roles take the talents of individuals and spread them out to help persuade others to accomplish goals. An individual can monitor several different areas to help tie all componets together to make a finished product. Matrix Structures are used when the organization grows very large and crosses several different sectors of the business world. Matrix Structures are very complex and can add a lot of confusion to your organization, which is why they have been used so sparingly. Finally, Networks are now a very common communicative form in organizations. Networks have always been in existence and have grown in usage since the advent of computer technology. Computer networks have the capability of transmitting almost limitless amounts of information immediately to a large-scale group of people. Computer Networks are now one of the most valuable tools an organization can use to communicate. Since an organization that coordinates laterally is generally one that operates in a turbulent and often changing environment it is easy to see why communication is essential. Information must be gathered, analyzed, processed and disseminated as quickly as possible to ensure that you will be able to keep up. An example of an organization that suffered because it failed to properly communicate and respond is the Digital Corporation. Digital Corporation was a leader in the minicomputer industry, however when the market shifted form minicomputers to PC’s they were too tied up in a non-productive coordination system. As a result they wasted valuable time in making the transition to the new technology. The company began to fail and was subsequently bought out by Compaq computers. The technology field, computers in particular, is changing on a daily basis. If you are not able to communicate the need for change based on the information received form current market trends then you are doomed to failure. Digital is a prime example of this concept. All of the above methods of Lateral Coordination are effective, however as with any system there are weaknesses. You must ensured that your resources are being used appropriately and efficiently in order to successfully maintain a more loosely coordinated method, as seen in the Lateral Coordination methodology. When you are not strict and rigid in your controls you run the risk of giving people too much freedom in their actions. Lateral Strategies are effective, however they must be monitored. In Conclusion, the coordinated communication of information within an organization is a key determinate of success versus failure. An organization, even one in a stable environment, must be fluid when it comes to communication. A lack of communication has been shown to result in the untimely delivery of crucial information and since we have identified that information is power, a lack of information will then render you powerless. By employing sound coordination methodologies and organization can better respond to it’s environment. As the environment changes so must the organization. The best way to know if your environment is changing is by properly gather and processing information form the various areas you deal in. Once processed and analyzed the information must quickly be communicated through the appropriate channels to ensure that necessary changes can be made. A breakdown in any one of these areas can and normally will have devastating effects. Many companies have experienced this firsthand. Coordination, Communication and Information are three keys that an organization must embrace in order to survive.